<Lesson-10>
From this lesson, you will learn various
Japanese verbs.
In this lesson, you will learn the basic form and the
conversation(masu)form
A, Fundamental inflection patterns of Japanese verbs
In order to
make Japanese sentences with any verb, you will need to know
the fundamental inflection patterns of Japanese verbs.
The fundamental inflection patterns of verbs consist
of the following four patterns.
1, infinitive form
This
is the verb form listed in a Japanese dictionary thus, it is
called the "dictionary form "
This
form of verbs always ends in "u" sound.
e.g ka-u 買 う(
to buy), i- ku行く (
to go), u-ru 売る( to sell),
2, masu-form
This
is the form of widely used in conversation. In this
form, the verb ends in "masu" which serves as both
the
present tense and future tense.
e.g ka-i-masu 買
いま す( buy, will buy), i-ki-masu 行
きま す( go, will go), u-ri-masu 売
りま す(sell, will sell)
3, negative root
This
is the basic negative form. In this form, verb ends in
"nai"which means "not"
e.g ka-wa-nai 買わな
い(not buy), i-ka-nai 行
かな い(not go), u-ra-nai 売
らな い(not sell)
4, participle form
Each Japanese verb has its participle which ends in "
te " or "de". You can call this the "te- form"
e.g ka-tte 買っ
て ( buying), i- tte 行っ て( going ), u-tte売っ
て( selling)
All
Japanese verbs have this 4 fundamental inflection
patterns.
Please try to learn them by heart with these
4 patterns when you study new Japanese verbs,
Using the verbs from the above example,
4 fundamental inflection patterns of
"kau" ( to buy) is " kau
買う--kaimasu買います--kawanai買わない--
4 fundamental inflection patterns of
"iku" ( to go) is " iku
行く--ikimasu行 きます--ikanai行かない--itte行って"
4 fundamental inflection patterns of
"uru" ( to sell) is " uru
売る-urimasu売ります--uranai売らない-
In the next lesson, I will explain more about the form of
these inflection patterns for various types of verbs.
In this lesson, you will learn some Japanese
conversation using "masu-form " of verbs.
B, Masu-form of verbs
Masu-form is the generally used conversational form of
verbs.
When you speak Japanese, it sounds more
polite to use this form of the verb.
Let's see some examples of sentences with "kai-masu
(kau)"
1, 私は日本の車を買います。Watashi wa nihon no
kuruma o kaimasu. ( I buy
/ will buy a Japanese car)
2, 私は日本の車を買いません。Watashi wa nihon no
kuruma o kaimasen. ( I don't
buy / won't buy a Japanese car)
3, 私は日本の車を買いました。Watashi wa nihon no
kuruma o kaimashita. (
I bought a Japanese car)
4, 私は日本の車を買いませんでした。Watashi wa nihon
no kuruma o kaimasen-deshita. ( I didn't
buy a Japanese
car)
1=present/future
positive form (-masu)
2=present/future
negative form (-masen)
3=past positive form (-mashita)
4=past negative form(-masen deshita)
< Grammatical notes >
*The basic sentence structure is "(
subject ) wa/ga (
object) o(verb) "
The verb in this sentence
structure is transitive verb
* "o"is accusative case indicator
particle.
The
word preceding "o"is the direct object of a transitive
verb.
*The question form is made by putting
"ka"after masu-form e.g masu-ka
? mashita-ka?
*Unlike English, there is no change of
masu- form by the number or gender of the subject
<Examples of masu-form of verbs>( Please click here to
listen to words below. )
to read=> infinitive: yomu
読む -> masu form: yomi-
masu読みます ( negative root=yoma-nai,
participle=yonde)
to write=>infinitive: kaku
書く ->masu form: kaki
-masu書きます ( negative root=kaka-nai,
participle= kaite)
to hear => infinitive: kiku
聞く -> masu form : kiki-
masu聞きます ( negative root=kika-nai,
participle=kiite)
to speak=>infinitive:hanasu話す->
* Please note there is no "si"sound
in Japanese. "si"is always pronounced "shi"
Exercise 1, Please translate into Japanese with masu-form , as in the example
e.g
* I bought= 私は買いました。 ,
* Did you buy ?=あなたは買いましたか。
* I
will sell= 私は売ります。 * Will
he sell ?= 彼は売りますか。
1, I will
speak
2, He
spoke
3,Did you
speak?
4, Will you speak?
5, I didn't
go
6, She
goes
7, Do you
go?
8, Will he go?
9, I don't
hear
10, We
hear
11, Did you
hear?
12, Won't you hear?
13, I
wrote
14, You didn't
write
15, Does she
write?
16, Will you write?
17, he didn't
read
18, He will
read
19, Did you
read?
20, I won't read
------------------------------
Exercise-2 Please
translate into Japanese according to the basic
formula "A wa B o verb(masu form) "
e.g Do you
speak Japanese?=あなたは日本語を話しますか。
Yes, I speak
Japanese =はい、私は日本語を話します。
1,
Do you write English?
Yes, I write English.
2,
Do you read a Japanese newspaper?
Yes, I read a Japanese newspaper.
3, Will you buy old cars?
No, We won't buy old cars
4, Did he sell his house?
No, he didn't sell his house
5, Will she hear rock music ?
Yes, she will hear rock music
＊music=音楽（おんがく
6, Does your father speak good English? ＊good=うまい, よい,
上手な（じょうずな）
Yes, he speaks good English
7, Did I write correct answers? ＊correct=正しい（ただしい）,
answer=こたえ
No, you didn't write correct
answers.
8, Won't you sell this picture? ＊picture=絵（え）
No, I won't sell this picture.
------------------------------
* In the case of intransitive
verb "iku"(to go) < A go to
B(place)>
Here is an example of a sentence with "iku"
Watashi wa Nihon ni(e)
ikimasu. <
I go (will go) to Japan>
<Grammatical notes>
* The basic formula of this sentence=> A
(subject) wa/ga B(place) ni/e ikimasu.
* "ni" is the dative case indicator particle;
it has many functions in the sentence. In this sentece, the
place word preceding "ni"
denotes a place which some
moving action is directed towards and destined to reach.
In this sentence, another
particle "e", which is directive case
indicator particle, can be used interchangeably.
( particle "e"is only used to
denote a place which some moving action is directed
towards.)
------------------------------
*If
you want to add a mention of time in the sentence ,
there
is a choice of places in the sentence to insert it.
For
instance, If you want to add "ashita(tomorrow)"you
can make one of the next sentences.
Choice
1, Ashita/watashi
wa/nihon ni/ikimasu .(time phrase at
the beginning of the sentence)
Choice 2, watashi wa/ashita/nihon
ni/ikimasu (time phrase in the
middle of the sentence)
Choice 3, watashi wa/nihon ni/ashita/ikimasu. (time
phrase just before the verb)
*If the time word is accompanied by a preposition in English
such as " at night ", "on Sunday "
please
use particle "ni " after the time word in Japanese
.(e.g "yoru ni " "Nichiyou-bi ni ")
------------------------------
* If you want to ask "where to?", or
"when?" to go,
You
can use interrogative word like "doko" for place and
"itsu" for time.
e.g Anata wa doko
ni/e ikimasu ka. (
Where are you going ? )
Anata wa nihon ni/e itsu ikimasu
ka.( When do you go to Japan?)
*"itsu"and "doko ni/e" can also be placed
in a choice of places in the sentence as above mentioned.
(at the beginning of the
sentence / in the middle of the sentence / just before the
verb)
Exercise-3 Please make Japanese sentences following the example.(construction drill)
e.g I will go
=> 私は行きます。watashi
wa ikimasu.
to park => 私は公園へ行きます。 watashi
wa kouen e ikimasu.
on Sunday =>私は日曜日に公園へ行きます。
watshi wa Nichi-youbi ni kouen e ikimasu.
1, I went =>
to
the home of my friend =>
yesterday =>
2, Will you go? =>
to bank =>
on Monday=>
3, Are you going? =
to the festival (まつり)=>
Today=>
4, He will go=>
to
the hospital (病院＝びょういん)
at 5
o'clock in the afternoon=>
------------------------------
Exercise-4 Please make question and
answer sentences as in the example.
e.g
Where did you go on Sunday ? ( answer: to the park )
Question
=>あ
なたは日曜日にどこ へ行きましたか。 Anata
wa nichiyou-bi (ni) doko e ikimashita ka.?
Answer => 私は公園へ行きまし た。 Watashi
wa kouen e ikimashita.
1, Where will you go on holiday ? ( answer: hot spring =onsen ) * holiday=休み（やすみ）, 休日（きゅうじつ）
Question=>
2, When did you go shopping ? ( answer: this morning)
*to go
shopping=買い物（かいもの）に行く &
amp; amp;
nbsp;
Question=>
Answer
=>
3, Where is Mr. Katou going now ? ( answer: home
of his parents) *parents=両親（りょうしん）、親（おや）
Question=>
Answer =>
4, When will she go to her country ? ( answer: this December)
Question=>
Answer=>