<Lesson 11 >

In this lesson, you will learn the classes of Japanese verbs and some more basic expressions using the "masu-form".

A. 19 model verbs ( Two kinds of verbs and irregular verbs)

In the last lesson, you learned  the 4 fundamental inflection patterns of verbs , namely; 
1) Infinitive(dictionary form)  2) masu-form , 3) negative-root, 4) participle(te-form) 
All Japanese verbs have these inflection patterns. And when you want to memorize any verb, I recommend you to memorize it according to these 4 inflection patterns because many kinds of verb forms can be derived from each of these 4 inflection patterns. 
In other words,you can form various expressions by combining any one of these patterns with other words. 
  
In this lesson, I shall show you 19 model verbs of 4 fundamental inflection patterns. 
These19 model verbs make you easier to memorize the inflection patterns. 
All of verbs are categorized in one of these 19 model verbs. 
  
Here are the 19 model verbs of 4 fundamental inflection patterns 
( Please click here to listen to these conversations )

 ( Verb1-15= Group 1,  Verb16-17=Group 2,  Verb18,19=Irregular verb ) 

*From the model-1 to the model-15 <GROUP-1> 

(Infinitive) ends in "u"sound. 

(Masu-form)the vowel preceding "masu"is always "-i-". 
     But, in Japanese, there are no "ti" and "si" sounds. Thus, please note... 
   *In model-9, "-ts-"sound(e.g matsu)change to "-ch-"sound (e.g ma-chi-masu) 
    *In model-12, "-s-"sound(e.g hanasu)change to "-shi-"sound (e.g hana-shi-masu) 

(Negative root) the sound immediately before "nai"is always "-a-" 
   *In model-1,2,3, whose roots end in "a","i" or "o", please say "wanai"instead of "anai" (e.g ka-wa-nai) 
    *In model-9, "-ts-"sound(e.g matsu)change to "-t-"before "anai"(e.g ma-ta-nai) 
 
(Te-form)the final consonant immediately before final"u" drops off followed by"tte" 
     The above rule is suitable for model 4 to 10. In other models, please note the following points. 
    *In model-1,2,3. the infinitive "u" is replaced by "tte" 
    *In model-11, the consonant "k"immediately before final"u" change to "i" before "te" 
   *In model-12, the consonant "s" immediately before final"u" change to "shi"followed by "te" 
    *In model-13, the consonant "b"immediately before the final "u" change to "n"followed by "de" 
    *In model-14, the consonant "m"immediately before final "u"change to "n" followed by "de" 
    *In model-15, the consonant "g"immediately before final "u"change to "i"followed by "de"

* The model-16 and model-17 <GROUP-2> 
   
  (Infinitive) ends in "ru". 
  In this group, there are 2 kinds of root endings before the infinitive ending "ru", 
  One is model-16 -"I" and the another one is model-17-"E" 
  In these models,these vowels are retained in the inflection patterns 
  
  MODEL-16:the vowel preceding "masu","nai"and "te"is always "i"sound 
  MODEL-17:the vowel preceding "masu","nai"and "te"is always "e"sound

* The model-18 and model-19 <IRREGUAR VERBS> 
    Irregular change verbs occur only these 2 verbs (KURU, SURU) 
     Please learn them by heart.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
<IMPORTANT COMMENT 1> 

  If you know the inflection patterns of these 19 model verbs, 
  it will help you to find out the inflection patterns of unfamiliar verbs you come across. 
  You can apply inflection patterns of one model verb (except irregular verbs) to an un- 
  familiar verb.

   <sample 1> "kasu"(to lend) 
  "kasu" is like the model verb "hanasu". 
   By applying the conjugation patterns of  "hanasu" (hanasu, hanashi-masu,hanasa-nai,hanashi-te") to "kasu", 
   we get "kasu, kashi-masu. kasa-nai, kashite"

   <sample 2> "asobu"(to play) 
   "asobu"is like the model verb "yobu". 
    By applying the conjugation patterns of "yobu"  (yobu, yobi-masu, yoba-nai, yon-de) to "asobu". 
    we can get "asobu, asobi-masu, asoba-nai, asonde

Exercise 1、Please write the 4 inflection patterns of the above sample verbs given for each model verb from 1 to 17 in the table.

  e.g  verb 1 => 会う、会います、会わない、会って  / 歌う、歌います、歌わない、歌って

  verb 2 = 言う、言います、言わない、言って  only 
  verb 3 = 
  verb 4 = 
  verb 5 = 
  verb 6 = 
  verb 7 = 
  verb 8 = 
  verb 9 = 
  verb 10 = 行く、行きます、行かない、行って only 
  verb 11= 
  verb 12= 
  verb 13= 
  verb 14= 
  verb 15= 
  verb 16= 
  verb 17= 
================================================================================== 
<IMPORTANT COMMENT 2> 

The difference between the Group-1 verbs and Group-2 verbs are explained in the above illustration. 
It is true that all of the group-2 verbs end in "iru"or "eru". But, some group-1 verbs like "hairu" and 
"kaeru" have the same ending . In order to avoid this confusion, you need to remember a limited number of group-1 verbs which end with "-iru" and "-eru". These are as follows.

  *The verbs like "hairu" 
  "hashiru(to run)""iru(to need)""kiru(to cut)""shiru(to know)""nigiru(to grasp)"etc, 
  *The verbs like "kaeru" 
  "heru(to decrease)""shaberu(to chat)""suberu(to slip)""keru(to kick)" etc.

* The most typical feature which distinguishes group-1 verbs from those of group-2 is that the sound 
   immediately before "nai"in the negative root of group-1 is "a "  (e.g kawa-nai, ika-nai) 
   The sound immediately before "nai"in the negative root of group-2 is never "a". 
 

Exercise 2、Please write the 4 fundamental inflection patterns of the following verbs, as in the examples. 
  
e.g   tobu 飛ぶ( to fly) =>飛ぶ、飛びます、飛ばない、飛んで 
        uru 売る(to sell) => 売る、売ります、売らない、売って

1, tatsu 立つ(to stand up)=> 
2, sawaru 触る(to touch)=> 
3, tsukuru 作る (to make)=> 
4, niou 臭う(to smell)=> 
5, okiru 起きる( to wake up)=> 
6, arau 洗う(to wash)=> 
7, erabu 選ぶ( to choose)=> 
8, osu　押す(to push)=> 
9, tanoshimu　楽しむ(to enjoy)=> 
10, akeru 開ける(to open)=> 
11, shimeru 閉める(to close)=> 
12, miseru　見せる(to show)=> 
13, aruku　歩く( to walk)=> 
14 sugiru 過ぎる(to pass through)=> 
15, benkyoo-suru　勉強する(to study)=> 
  
  
B.  Masu-form (2) interrogative sentence

  When you make questions requiring the answer Yes or No, please simply add "ka "after masu-form: 
  thus; "-masuka ? , -masenka?, -mashitaka?, -masendeshitaka? 
  However when you make question sentence with interrogatives like "nan(i)" "dare" "doko" 
  the _expression will be as follows.

  <DARE>- A(Dare ga)/ B(Dare o)/ C(Dare to)/ D(Dare ni)/ E(Dare kara)

  A,  Dare ga nihon-go o hanashimasuka(Who speaks Japanese?) 
         => (Answer) Watashi ga hanashimasu. ( I speak Japanese) * "nihon-go o" is omittable.

  * When you ask the subject , subject indicator particle must be "ga", not "wa" 
     And answering this kind of question also requires "ga" after the subject word.

  B, Anata wa dare o yatoimasuka (Whom will you hire?) 
     => ( Answer)  Watashi wa Tanaka-san o yatoimasu. ( I will hire Mr. Tanaka)

  C, Anata wa dare to eiga ni ikimashitaka ( With whom did you go to a movie?) 
     => ( Answer)  Watashi no tomodachi to eiga ni ikimashita. (I went to movie with my friend)

   * Particle "to" is used when something is done together with another animate being.

  D, Anata wa dare ni kuruma o urimashitaka ( To whom did you sell a car?) 
      =>( Answer)  Takada-san ni kuruma o urimashita. ( I sold a car to Mr.Takada)

   * Particle "ni" has a function of making an indirect object. 
  
  E,Anata wa dare kara kono okane o moraimashitaka ( From whom did you receive this money?) 
      =>(Answer) Watashi no chichi kara moraimashita. ( I received it  from my father)

<NANI>-A( Nani o)/ B(Nani ni)

  A, Anata wa nani o kyoo tabe-mashitaka (What did you eat today?) 
    => Watashi wa kyoo soba o tabemashita, ( I ate noodles today.)

   * The order of words is flexible , 
     ex,"nani o/anata wa/ kyoo/tabemasuka ", "kyoo/anata wa/nani o/tabemasuka"

  B, Anata wa asa nani ni nori-mashitaka (What vehicle did you board in the morning?) 
   *  ( vehicle like basu, densha )ni noru =get on or board a vehicle 
    => Watashi wa chikatetsu ni norimashita ( I got on the subway in the morning)

   * The order of words is flexible. 
     ex "asa/anata wa/nani ni/norimashita ka ","nani ni/asa/anata wa/norimashitaka"

 <DOKO>-A(Doko de)/ B(Doko ni/e)/ C(Doko kara)/ D(Doko made)

  A, Anata wa doko de kono kutsu o kaimashitaka. ( Where did you buy these shoes?) 
  B  Anata wa  doko ni/e  ashita ikimasuka ( Where will you go tomorrow?) 
  C, Anata wa doko kara kimashitaka ( Where did you come from ?) 
  D, Anata wa doko made arukimasuka  ( Where do you walk to? )

  *Particle "de" marks the preceding word as the place where some concrete action takes place. 
  *Particle "ni" marks the preceding word as the place  where 1)  something exists 2)  where some durative action is performed ,3) a place which towards which act of motion is directed. 
　*Particle "e" marks  the preceding word as the place to which or toward which some action directed.

Exercise 3, Please render the following question and answer sentences into Japanese 
You can form the questions using the words given in the ( ) while changing the forms of the verb as appropriate. 
  
1, Q, With whom did you meet on Saturday ?  ( to, anata, wa,ka, Do-youbi, dare, au, ni )* to meet=会う（あう） 
     A, I met with my friend of school.

2, Q, What will you buy at the supermarket?  ( kau, nani, de, wa, anata, o, suupaa-maaketto) 
     A, I will buy vegetables and meat. * vegetable=野菜（やさい）

3, Q, Who drew this beautiful picture? (kaku, utsukushii, dare, o ,ga , kono, e) *to draw=描く（かく） 
     A, My father did ( drew)

4, Q, What did you see on TV last night ? ( miru,terebi,sakuya ,o,anata, de,wa,nani) *last night=昨夜（さくや） 
     A, I saw a interesting Japanese movie .

5, Q Where will you wait for me ? (anata, doko, watashi, o, de, matsu, wa ) 
     A I will wait for you at your home.

6, Q From where did you receive a letter? (tegami, anata,kara,o,wa,doko,morau)*tegami=手紙（てが み） 
     A,I received it from Tokyo .

7,  Q   From whom did you hear my name ?(namae, anata, no, dare, kara,o, watashi, kiku,,wa) 
      A,  I heard your name from my son.

8  Q, To whom did you tell this story? (hanasu,ni, dare,kono,anata,hanashi,o,wa) *story=話（はなし） 
     A,  I told it to my wife. *wife=妻（つま）

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
  * Questions requiring a numerical reply such as "nan-ji (what time) " 
   "nan-ko (how many-) ","nan-nin(how many people) " etc.

 Examples of expressions for asking times ( hour, date, day of the week etc) with verbs

   (anata wa) nan-ji ni ne-mashita ka （何時に寝ましたか。） 
　　　　　　　　　( At what time did you  go to sleep ?) 
                      => answer :  10-ji ni nemashita. （十時に寝ました。） 
　　　　　　　　　( I went to sleep at 10 o'clock)

    nan-nichi ni kouen ni ikimasu ka  （何日に公園に行きますか。） 
　　　　　　　　　( On which day will/do you go to the park ?) 
                      => answer :  Itsu-ka ni ikimasu. （五日に行きます。） 
　　　　　　　　　　( I will go on the 5th.)

    nan-youbi ni kaeri-masu ka　（何曜日に帰りますか。） 
　　　　　　　.( On what day of the week will you come home?) 
                      => answer :  Do-youbi ni kaeri-masu （土曜日に帰ります。） 
　　　　　　　　　( I will come home on Saturday)

Examples of expressions for asking numbers with verbs

nan-ko/(A)o/kai-mashita ka ( How many A did you buy ?) A= small sized objects 
      e.g Nan-ko meron o kaimashitaka 　＜何個　メロンを買いましたか＞ 
　　　　　( How many melons did you buy?)

nan-stau/(B)o/yomi-mashita ka. ( How many B did you read?) B= books, magazine etc. 
      e.g Nan-satsu eigo no hon o yomimashitaka ＜何冊　英語の本を読みましたか＞ 
　　　　　(How many English books did you read ?) 
  
nan-bai/(C)o/nomi-mashita ka.( How many cups/glasses of C did you drink?) C=coffee, beer etc. 
      e.g Nan-bai wain o kinou nomimashitaka ＜何杯　ワインを昨日飲みましたか。＞ 
　　　　　( How many glasses of wine did you drink yesterday ?)

nan-nin/(D) ga/ki-mashita ka. ( How many D came ?) D= people, friend etc. 
      e.g Nan-nin okyaku-san ga  anata no ie ni kimashitaka.＜何人　お客さんがあなたの家に来ましたか。＞ 
　　　　　( How many guests came to your house ?)

   *  The position of these interrogative words is flexible. 
        For instance,You can also say "(A) o/ nan-ko/kai-mashita ka ". 
   *  If you want to ask "how many?", you can also use the interrogative"ikutsu" . 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
Exercise 4、 Please make question and answer sentences as in the example.

   e.x How many apples did you eat? ( 2 apples) => 
        (Anata wa) 何個　(or いくつ) りんごを食べましたか。 
         二つ (or 二個) 食べました。 
  
   1,  How many students study Japanese ? ( 15 students) 
   2,  How many glasses of beer did you drink ? (3 glasses of beer) *beer=ビール 
   3,  How many cars  did you sell today? ( 5 cars) 
   4,  At what time did you wake up ? (7 o'clock in the morning) 
   5,  On which day of the week will you go to trip ? (on Friday) * trip＝旅行（りょこう） 
   6,  On which day will your son take a exam? (on 6th) * exam＝試験（しけん） 　*to take=うける

---------------------------------------------------------------End of  lesson-11----------------------------------------------------------------