Lesson-12_nihongo

<Lesson 12>

In this lesson, you will learn the request sentences "kudasai"and "naidekudasai" using the participle form and negative-root form of verbs.

And you will learn other usages of the participle form.

A, Positive request (-te kudasai /-de kudasai)

When you ask the listener to do some action , the request form is as follows.
" participle form (te-form) of a verb + kudasai "

<examples> ( Please click here to listen to these sentences )
買ってくださいkatte-kudasai　Please buy) = Atarashii kuruma o katte-kudasai (Please buy a new car)
言って下さい itte-kudasai　(Please say) = Kono namae o watashi ni itte-kudasai (Please say me this name)
行ってくださいitte-kudasai　(Please go) = Maaketto e itte-kudasai ( Please go to market)
座ってくださいsuwatte-kudasai　(Please sit down) = Koko ni suwatte-kudsai ( Please sit down here)
待ってくださいmatte-kudasai(Please wait) = Koko de matte-kudasai. (Please wait here)
書いてくださいkaite-kudasai (Please write) = Enpitsu de kaite-kudasai (Please write with pencil )
来てくださいkite-kudasai ( Please come) = 9-ji ni kite-kudasai (Please come at 9 o'clock)
してくださいshite-kudasai (Please do) = Nihongo o benkyou shite-kudasai(Please study Japanese language)

<Grammatical notes>

* Participle form of "iu (to say) "and "iku (to go)" are the same.
* Particle "de"can function to mark the preceding word as an instrument with which some action is carried out.
   e.g Enpitsu de kaite-kudasai.
   In the lesson-11, you learned the another function of particle "de" which marks the preceding word as the place where some concrete action takes place.
    e.g Koko de matte-kudasai.
* The verb "suru" has many combinations with nouns to make verbs of the type "benkyou-suru"
   e.g souji-suru(to clean), shokuji-suru(to eat), ryouri-suru(to cook), shigoto-suru(to work)

Exercise 1, Please make request sentences as shown in the example.

ex.
miru 見る(to see) =>見てください。
Please look at this => これを見てください。

1, kuru 来る(to come) =>
Please come here =>

2, kaeru 帰る( to come back) =>
Please come back home now =>

3, kesu 消す( to put off) =>
Please put off the light *light=akari =>

4, isogu 急ぐ( to hurry) =>
Please hurry to the station *station=eki=>

5, noru 乗る( to get on) =>
Please get on this train *train=densha =>

6, denwa-suru 電話する( to call) =>
Please call me at 5 o'clock.=>

7, iru 居る( to stay)
Please stay at home ( iru) =>

8, okuru 送る(to send)
Please send me a letter *letter=tegami=>

9, yomu 読む(to read) =>
Please read Japanese old story *story=hanashi=>

10, oku 置く(to put) =>
Please put this on the table *table=teeburu=>

<The meaning of verb "kudasai">
You learned the simple request sentence such as " Mizu o kudasai (Please give me water) " in the
lesson-8. "-kudasai" originally comes from verb "kudasaru (=to grant me a favor)".
"kudasaru" has the same meaning as "kure-ru(=to give me) " But, "kudasaru"is a usage which honors the subject who gives you what you want.
By contrast, "kure-ru" has no such connotation of honoring the donor.
So, a request sentence using "-kudasai" is more polite.

< Other request forms >
"kudasai "form is the one of the request forms.
But, there are some ways to ask the listener for an action.
For instance, you can make the requests without "-kudasai" .
These _expression are more common between family members or friends( informal style)

e.g <kudasai-form> Sore o totte-kudasai. それを取ってください。(Please pass me that one)
Instaed of the above sentence, you can say as follows.
Sore o totte　それを取って。( te-form only : Familiar _expression in family)
Sore o tori-nasai 　それを取りなさい。( pre-"masu"form +nasai : Command _expression e.g from parents to child)

Let's practice command request form.

Exercise 2 Please change the sentences in exercise 1 into the "nasai" form

e.g Say your name ! = あなたの名前を言いなさい。

1, Come here !
2, Come back home now !
3, Put off the light !
4, Hurry to the station!
5, Get on this train !
6, Call me at 5 o'clock !
7, Stay at home !
8, Send me a letter !
9, Read Japanese old story!
10,Put this on the table !

B. Negative Request ( -naide kudasai)

When you want to ask the listener not to do an action, the form you use is as follows,
"negative root of a verb + de-kudasai "

Negative root is one of the 4 fundamental inflection patterns of a verb.
The negative root is characterized by "-nai" at the end of verbs.
We refer to the combination "negative root of a verb + de" as a negative participle.
So, we can formulate the negative request by negative participle+kudasai.

<examples>
買わないでくださいkawa-nai de kudasai　(Please don't buy)
*Muzukashii hon o kawa-nai de kudasai (Please don't buy a difficult book.)
言わないでくださいiwa-nai de kudasai　(Please don't say/tell)
*Kono hanashi o chichi ni iwa-nai de kudasai.(Please don't tell this story to my father)
行かないでくださいika-nai de kudasai　(Please don't go)
*Hitori de eki ni ika-nai de kudasai (Please don't go to station by yourself)*hitori de=alone
座らないでくださいsuwara-nai de kudasai　(Please don't sit down)
*Sumimasen ga, koko ni suwara-nai de kudasai (Excuse me, please don't sit down here)
待たないでくださいmata-nai de kudasai　(Please don't wait)
*Watashi no ie de watashi o mata-nai de kudasai.(Please don't wait for me at my home)
書かないでくださいkaka-nai de kudasai　(Please don't write)
*Eigo de tegami o kaka-nai de kudasai (Please don't write a letter by English)
来ないでくださいko-nai de kudasai　(Please don't come)
*Asa 7(shichi)-ji ni koko ni ko-nai de kudasai (Please don't come here at 7 o'clock in the morning)
しないでくださいshi-nai de kudasai　(Please don't do)
*Gakkou ni chikoku-shi-nai de kudasai ( Please don't be late for school) *chikoku-suru=be late

Exercise 3 Please translate the following sentences into Japanese.

1, Please don't come here
2, Please don't come back home late *late=osoku
3, Please don't put off the light.
4, Please don't run in the room *to run=hashiru
5, Please don't wake me up *to wake up=okosu
6, Please don't touch these goods *totouch=sawaru * goods=shinamono
7, Please don't smoke here,*to smoke=tabako o suu
8, Please don't use this paper *to use=tsukau *paper=kami
9, Please don't give up your aim now *to give up=akirameru *aim=mokuteki
10.Please don't swim at this beach.*to swim=oyogu, *beach=biichi, kaigan

As with positive requests, you can express a negative request without "kudasai" .
"Kudasai" is polite _expression which is normally not used within the family and among friends.
In such conversations, "--naide"alone, or "--naide ne "or "--naide yo"are more popular,
in which you add the sentence final particle "ne"or"yo" to "-naide". ( By adding "ne" or "yo", the expression becomes softer.)

C, Other important function of participle form (te-form)

Participle form of verbs has many usages .
The above positive request form "participle form of verb + kudasai" is only one of the many usages.
I shall show you some more expressions using this form.

1, Conjunctive use <--and-->

*Joinng some phrases or clauses together <as in English using "and"(soshite/sorekara)>

Let's see an example.
Action 1. (watashi wa) asa 7-ji ni oki-mashita.( I waked up at 7o'clock in the morning)
Action 2 (watashi wa) koohii o ippai nomi-mashita. ( I drank a cup of coffee)
Action 3 (watashi wa) shinbun o yomi-mashita.( I read a newspaper)

If the above three actions are consecutive , you can say the three sentences separately :
"Watashi wa asa 7-ji ni okimashita. Soshite,koohii o ippai nomimashita. Soshite,shinbun o yomimashita."
*You can say "sorekara" instead of "soshite".

But, if you take advantage of the participle form. you can express these activities in only one sentence:
"Watashi wa asa 7-ji ni okite, koohii o ippai nonde, shinbun o yomimashita.

Exercise 4 Please connect the following sentences into one sentence,as in the example.

e.g I will borrow a book (to borrow= kariru)=> 私は本を借ります。
I will read it. => 私はそれを読みます。( it ="sore", which is a pronoun to indicate the book)
( one sentence)=> 私は本を借りて、それを読みます。

e.g I went to the train station=> 私は電車(でんしゃ)の駅(えき)に行きました。(train=densha)
I got on the train=> 私は電車に乗りました。 ( to get on A=Aに乗る )
( one sentence )=> 私は駅に行って、電車に乗りました。

1, I will go home (to go home=家へ帰る＝うちへかえる)=>
I will watch T.V　( T.V=テレビ) =>
( one sentence) =>

2, I ate breakfast (breakfast=朝食＝ちょうしょく/朝ご飯＝あさごはん)=>
I went to work ( work=仕事＝しごと)=>
( one sentence)=>

3, I will sell my old car=>
I will buy a new car=>
( one sentence)=>

4 My friend came to my home =>
My friend stayed in my home.(to stay=泊る＝とまる) =>
( one sentence) =>

5 He wrote a letter to his parents.=>
He sent it ( to send = 送る＝おくる)=>
( one sentence) =>

6 I took medicine ( to take medicine=薬をのむ＝くすりをのむ)=>
I brushed my teeth ( to brush=磨く＝みがく) (teeth=歯＝は)=>
I went to bed ( to go to bed=寝る＝ねる)=>
( one sentence)=>

2, Simultaneous use <--while-->

* When two actons are conducted at the same time,

Let's see examples.

* Suwatte tabete-kudasai ( Please eat while sitting down)
( "suwaru"+ "taberu" at the same time ) * suwa-ru/suwa-ri-masu/suwa-ra-nai/suwatte
* Watashi wa tatte tabemasen ( I don't eat while standing up)
( "tatsu" + "taberu" at the same time) *ta-tsu/ta-chi-masu/tata-nai/tatte

The pre-masu form of verbs with "-nagara"is a similar _expression with this meaning. You can also use this _expression.

e.g Suwatte ( Suwari-nagara ) tabete-kudasai. 座って（座りながら）食べてください。
Watashi wa tatte(tachi-nagara) tabemasen. 私は立って（立ちながら）食べません。

Exercise 5 Please change the following sentences into Japanese, as in the example.

e.g I read a book while smoking ( tabako o suu)
( te-form)=> watashi wa tabako o sutte hon o yomi-masu. 私はたばこを吸って、本を読みます。
( -nagara)=> watashi wa tabako o sui-nagara hon o yomi-masu. 私はたばこを吸いながら、本を読みます。

1, I work (はたらく) while listening to radio ( to listen to=聞く＝きく)
(te-form)=>
(-nagara)=>

2, I study(べんきょうする) while watching T.V
(te-form)=>
(-nagara)=>

3, Please don't eat while reading a newspaper.
(te-form)=>
(-nagara)=>

4, Please speak while smiling (to smile=微笑む＝ほほえむ)
(te-form)=>
(-nagara)=>

5, I think (考える＝かんがえる) while walking (to walk=歩く＝あるく)
(te-form)=>
(-nagara)=>

The negative participle form of verbs <e.g "kawa-nai de"(positive form is "katte")> can be used to join sentences just like positive participle form of verbs do.
In this case, the meaning of "-naide"in the context is generally equal to the English "without"

e.g watashi wa choushoku o tabemasen-deshita. soshite, gakkoo e dekakemashita.
( I didn't eat breakfast. And then I went out to the school) *dekakeru=to go out
=> watashi wa choushoku o tabe-nai de，gakkoo e dekakemashita.
( I went out to the school without eating breakfast )

Exercise 6 Please insert the proper phrase in the blanks, as in the example.

e.g
私は（お茶を飲まないで）、寝ました。watashi wa ( ocha o noma-nai de ) nemashita.
< I went to bed without drinking tea. >

1, 私は（　）、仕事をしました。watashi wa ( ) ，shigoto o shimashita.
< I did job without thinking> * to think= 考える（かんがえる）

2,私は（　）、試験を受けました。 watashi wa ( ), shiken o ukemashita.
<I had an exam without studying at home > *試験を受ける= to have an exam

3, 彼は（　）、仕事をします。kare wa ( ) shigoto o shimasu.
<He works without going to the office> *office=オフィス, 事務所（じむしょ）

4,私は（　）、宿題をしました。 watashi wa ( ) shukudai o shimashita.
< I did homework without sleeping) *宿題（しゅくだい）=homework
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