< Lesson 13>


In this lesson, you will learn the durative aspect of a verb using participle  form. and some related expressions.


A,The durative aspect of a verb <participle(te-form) + iru>

  The durative aspect  is represented by the formula  "PARTICIPLE + IRU " 
  This aspect expresses progressive activity. 
  You have already heard the verb "iru", "imasu" in lesson-5. 
  (Remember: "imasu" is the masu-form of "iru") 
  The four fundamental inflection patterns of "iru"is " iru, i-masu, i-nai，i-te "

Let's see some example sentences. ( Please click here to listen to these sentences )

あなたはいま何をしていますか。Anata wa ima nani o shiteimasu ka  
( What are you doing now?) <" して"= participle of "する">

私 はいま本を読んでいます。Watashi wa ( ima) hon o yondeimasu.　 　 
( I am reading a book now.) <"よんで"= participle of "よむ">

あなたはどこでテレビを見ていましたか。Anata wa doko de terebi o miteimashita ka.  
( Where were you watching T.V ?)<"見て"=participle of "見る">

私は家でテレビを見ていました。 Watashi wa ie de( terebi o) miteimashita. 　
( I was watching T.V at home.)

あなたは誰と歌を 歌っていますか。Anata wa dare to uta o utatteimasu ka.　 
( With whom are you singing song?)<"歌って"=participleof"歌う">

私は妻と歌を歌っています。Watashi wa tsuma to uta o utatteimasu   
( I am singing song with my wife.)

Exercise1 Please translate the following sentences into Japanese, as in the example.

  e.g  What are you eating now ? (to eat=tabe-ru) =>あなたは今、何を食べていますか。 
        I am eating a salad ( salad=sarada)=> 私はサラダを食べています。

        Where were you studying? => あなたはどこで勉強していましたか。 
         I was studing at the library.=> 私は図書館（としょかん）で勉強していました。

1, What are you drinking ? => 
     I am drinking wine now.=> 
    ( to drink=飲む) ( wine=ワイン)

2, Where are you working now? => 
    I am working for the bank => 
    ( to work=働く＝はたらく)

3, What are you writing now? => 
    I am writing a letter to my friend=> 
    (to write=書く＝かく)

4, Where were you taking pictures yesterday?=> 
     I was taking pictures at zoo.=> 
     (to take picture=写真をとる)( zoo=動物園＝どうぶつえん)

5, With whom were you speaking on the phone? => 
     I was speaking with my son => 
     ( to speak=話す＝はなす)(phone=電話＝でんわ)

6, Where are you  hurrying to?=> 
     I am hurrying to the bus station.=> 
    (to hurry =急ぐ＝いそぐ)

7, What were you making in the kitchen? => 
     I was making  spaghetti for my family => 
    ( to make=作る＝つくる)

*There are some verbs which are always used in the durative aspect in Japanese, 
   because they are verbs of being in a state. I shall show you these verbs.

(To have) 持つ motsu => I have a car => 私は車を持っています。watashi wa kuruma o motte-imasu ( not "mochi-masu") 
(To live)  住む sumu => I live in Tokyo=> 私は東京に住んでいます。watashi wa Tokyou ni sunde-imasu ( not "sumi-masu") 
(To know) 知る shiru => I know him => 私は彼を知っています。watashi wa kare o shitte-imasu ( not "shiri-masu") 
(To love) 愛す aisu => I love you => 私は彼を愛しています。watashi wa anata o aishite-imasu ( not "aishi-masu") 
(To remember)覚えるoboeru => I remember you =>私はあなたを覚えています。watashi wa anata o oboete-imasu(not"oboe-masu") 

* Negative form is "--imasen".
  But, please note that  " I don't know him" is " 私は彼を知りません。watashi wa kare o  shiri-masen"( Not "watshi wa kare o shitteimasen.) 
  
Exercise 2 , Please translate into Japanese , as in the example.

e.g  Do you have a pen ? => ペンを持っていますか。 
       No, I don't have a pen.=> いいえ、（ペンを）持っていません。

1,  Do you love her?=> 
      Yes, I love her.=> 
  
2,  Do you live in Japan?=> 
      No, I don't live in Japan.=>

3,  Do you remember his birthday?=> 
      No, I don't remember his birthday.=>

4,  Do you know his secret?=> 
      No, I don't know his secret.=>

5,  Do you have a computer?=> 
      Yes, I have.=>

With the formula "participle + iru", you can express not only  progressive activity 
but also a resultant condition once something has taken place.

Let's see some samples.

雨は止んでいます。 Ame wa  yande-imasu. 
( The rain has stopped)  < yande= participle of "ya-mu"(to stop)>

雨はまだ止んでいません。 Ame wa mada yande-imasen 　
( The rain has not stopped)  *MADA+negative form= not-yet

雨はまだ降っています。 Ame wa mada futte-imasu 　
( The rain is still falling) * MADA=still

パーティーはもう始まっています。 Paatii wa mou hajimatte-imasu　
( The party has already started) * MOU= already *hajimaru=to start

パーティーはまだ始まっていません。 Paatii wa mada hajimatte-imasen　
( The party hasn't started yet)<hajimatte=participle of "hajima-ru"> 
  
この魚はもう死 んでいますか。 Kono sakana wa mou shinde-imasu ka. 
( Is this fish already dead ?) *shi-nu=to die

いいえ、この魚はまだ生きています。 Iie, Kono sakana wa mada ikite-imasu.　
( No. this fish is still alive) *iki-ru=to live

*These expressins are made with many intransitive and a few transitive verbs to describe 
  spontaneous continuous actions.


Let's practice to make sentences with this usage

Exercise 3, Please make Japanese sentences , as in the example.

  e.g   まどmado ( window) / 開くa-ku (to open) 
   ( not-yet) まどはまだ開いていません。 Mado wa mada aite-imasen　　
   ( still ) まどはまだ開いています。 Mado wa mada aite-imasu 　 　 
   ( already)   まどはもう開いています。Mado wa mou aite-imasu  　

1, 門(Mon  gate) / 閉まるshima-ru ( to close) 
    ( not-yet) 
    ( still ) 
    ( already)

2, 灯りLights ( akari) /消える kie-ru( to go out) 
    ( not-yet) 
    ( still  ) 
    ( already) 
  
3, 会議Kaigi ( meeting)/ 終わるowa-ru (to finish) 
    ( not-yet) 
    ( already)

4, 電車Densha ( train)/動く ugo-ku( to work/run) 
    ( not-yet) 
    ( still  ) 
    (already)

5, 私の体重Watashi no taijuu　( my weight)/減る heru ( to decrease) 
    ( not yet) 
    ( still   ) 
    ( already)

 B  Expressions with various time phrases.

 You have learned various time words in lesson-8.9 
  Now, we will learn various phrases using time words .

  1, Before and after a certain point of time  a) ago,   b) after, later

   a) A mae(ni) 前に == A ago,( A=numerical time word)

   *私は三 年前（さんねんまえ）に、この時計を買いました。
      Watashi wa san-nen mae ni kono tokei o kai-mashita. ( I bought this watch 3 years ago) 
       ( ichi-nen, ni-nen, san-nen, yo-nen.....) 
    *私は二時間前に、家に帰りました。
      Watashi wa ni-jikan mae ni uchi ni kaeri-mashita.  ( I came back home 2 hours ago) 
       ( ichi-jikan, ni-jikan, san-jikan, yo-jikan......)

   b) A go(ni) 後に ==  after A.or A later ( A=numerical time word)

   * 三 か月後に、また来てください。
      San-kagetsu go ni mata kite-kudasai ( Please come again after 3 months)  <mata=again> 
       ( ik-kagetsu, ni-kagetsu, san-kagetsu, yon-kagetsu.......) 
    *映画は三十分後に始まります。 
      Eiga wa san-jup-pun go ni hajimari-masu.( The movie will start after 30 minutes) 
       ( ip-pun, ni-fun, san-pun, yon-fun, go-fun, rop-pun....jup-pun...ni-jup-pun...san-jup-pun..) 
  
  2, Duration of time   a) since( time word) ago , b)  for more (time word)

   a)  A mae kara 前から==since A ago (A=numerical time word)

   *私は一時間前から、ここ で待っています。
     Watashi wa ichi-jikan mae kara koko de matte-imasu.( I have been waiting since 1hour ago) 
   *五か月前から英語を勉強しています。
    Go-kagetsu mae kara eigo o benkyou-shite-imasu ( I have been studying English since 5 month ago.)
   *  since 5 minutes ago= go-fun mae kara,  * since 10 years ago= juu-nen mae kara

   b) ato/mou A (Kan) あと/もう== for more A (A=numerical time word)

  *も う（あと）一週間、働いてください。
    Mou(or ato) isshuu-kan hataraite-kudasai. ( Please work for more 1 week) 
     ( isshuu-kan = one week, nishuu-kan= two weeks ,sanshuukan, yonshuukan, goshuukan.....) 
   *私はあと（もう）十分、ここにいます。
     Watashi wa ato(or mou) jup-pun koko ni i-masu ( I will stay here for more 10 minutes)

Exercise 4  Please rearrange the word order , change to the required verb form 
and thus make proper sentences, as in the example

  e.g,  (  一時間,　私,　前, に , 起きる, は ) => I waked up 1 hour ago 
         => 私は一時間前に起きました。

  1, ( 閉まる, 後, 店, に, 三十分, は )=> The shop will close 30 minutes later.*shimaru=to close

  2, ( に, バス, 出る, か,  何分, は, 前 )=> How many minutes ago did the bus leave? *deru=to leave

  3, ( 三ヶ月, ここ, 私, に, から, 住む, 前, は) => I am living here since 3 months ago

  4,(一年, は, この, を, 仕事,　続ける, あと, あなた, か)=>Will you continue this job for 1 more year?  

  5,( 私, 後 ,新しい, を, は, に, ビジネス, 六ヶ月, 　する) =>I will do new business in 6 months later.

  6, ( する, 私, 二週間, から, を, ダイエット, は, 前)=> I am on a diet since 2 weeks ago.


3, Made  or  Made ni  ( duration of time or termination of time)

   You have already learned " made" which means "until ( time word)" and "as far as (place word)" 
   But,"made ni" has different meaning from "made" .

    Some examples will illustrate this: 
    朝九時まで寝ました。  Asa ku-ji made nemashita. ( I slept until 9 o'clock in the morning)  *neru=to sleep 
    三日前まで雨でした。  Mikka-mae made  ame deshita.  ( it was raining until 3 days ago) *ame=rain 
    朝九時までに来てください。  Asa ku-ji made ni kite-kudasai  ( Please come by 9 o'clock in the morning) 
   * made =duration of time, * made ni =termination of time

  Exercise 5   Please make sentences  as in the example.

  e.g  I was sick(=byouki) => 私は病気でした。 
        till yesterday(=kinou) => 私は昨日まで病気でした。

  1, Please finish(=oe-ru) this work => 
      by 5 o'clock in the afternoon. =>

  2, Please make(=tsuku-ru) cakes=> 
      by tonight(=konya)=>

  3, I was happy(shiawase-na)=> 
      until 2 months ago =>

  4, I was working (=hatara-ku) at the office=> 
     until 10 o'clock =>

  5, This shop will be closed (=shima-ru)=> 
      by 12 o'clock =>

  6, This fish was alive => 
      until 1 hour ago => 
  

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