<Lesson-18>
In this lesson, you will learn how to express purpose, suggestions and invitations .
A, Expression of purpose < using pre-masu form of verb +ni >
The common and simple way to express the purpose of any activities in Japanese is to use the pre-masu form(masu-form without "masu")of the verb followed by the particle "ni "
Let's look at some sample phrases and sentences. ( Please click HERE to listen to these sentences. )
買いに来る kai-ni kuru ( to
come to buy)
Watashi wa kono mise ni yasai o kai ni ki-mashita.( I
came to buy vegetables to this shop)
私はこの店に野菜を買いに来ました。
*"Yasai o kai ( pre-masu form of "kau") + ni" expresses
the purpose of coming to this shop.
見に行く mi ni iku ( to go
to see )
Watashi wa kinou machi e eiga o mi-ni ikimashita.( I went
to the city yesterdayto see a movie)
私は昨日、町へ映画を見に行きました。
*"Eiga o mi (pre-masu form of "miru") +ni " expresses the
purpose for going to the city.
しに行く shi ni iku (to go
to do )
Watashi wa ashita gorufu o shi-ni ikimasu.(I will go to
play golf tomorrow )
私は明日、ゴルフをしに行きます。
*"Gorufu o shi (pre-masu form of "suru") + ni" expresses
the purpose to go
Exercise 1 Please render the following sentences into Japanese as in the example.
e.g I will go to the mountain ( in order) to climb it
(to climb =登る＝noboru)(mountain=山＝yama)
=> 私は山に登りに行きます。
I have been to Tokyo in order to travel
(to travel=旅行する)
=>私は東京に旅行しに行ったことがあります。
1, I will go to my country ( in order) to meet with my
parents tomorrow.
2 I went to the pharmacy (in order) to buy medicine for
fever. *pharmacy=薬局（やっきょく） *fever=熱（ねつ）
3, I came to this library to check up what I want to know
*library=図書館（としょかん） *to check up=調べる（しらべる）
4, I have been to your office in order to consult with your
boss. *to consult=相談（そうだん）する *boss=上司（じょうし）
5, I have been to Japan in order to see and study Japanese
culture. *culture=文化（ぶんか）
<Grammatical notes>
1,The word order to make sentence is flexible.
sample 1 "watashi
wa /machi e/tomodachi ni ai-ni/ikimashita"
sample 2 "watashi wa/tomodachi ni ai-ni/machi
e/ikimashita."
sample 3 "tomodachi
ni ai-ni/watashi wa/machi e/ikimashita."
sample 4 "machi e/watashi wa/tomodachi ni ai-ni/ikimashita"
All these sentences have the same meaning. ( I went to the city
in order to meet with my friends. )
2,There is another frequently used form for expressing
purpose.
This is " dictionary form of verb +
tame ni"
e.g eiga o miru
tame ni =in order to see a movie , ryokou
o suru tame ni =in order to travel
You can choose either of these
constructions to express purpose.
Exercise 2 Please rewrite these sentences using "tame ni", as in the example.
e.g watashi wa koohii o nomi-ni kissaten ni
yorimashita. ( I dropped in at the coffee shop to drink coffee)
=>watashi wa koohii o
nomu-tame ni kissaten ni yorimashita.
1, watashi wa depaato ni kutsu o kai ni yorimashita. (
I dropped in at the department store to buy shoes)
2, chuushoku o tabe-ni watashi wa uchi e kaerimashita.( I went
home to eat lunch)
3, furansu e ryouri o benkyoo shi-ni itta koto ga arimasu.( I
have been to France to study cooking )
4, kare wa hon o kari-ni toshokan e ikimasu. ( He went to the
library to borrow books)
5, ashita watashi wa uma ni nori ni kouen e ikimasu. ( I will go
to the park to ride a horse )
B, Expressions for invitation and
suggestion
There are some expressions for invitation and suggesting to
do an action.
You must choose the proper form according to the person you
are addressing and the situation.
1, Invitation form <masen ka>
The most common _expression for invitation is "masenka"
which is the negative masu-form of verbs
followed by the question particle "ka"
e.g 私の家に来ませんか。 Watashi
no ie ni kimasenka.
( Won't you come to my home? / I invite you to come to my
home.)
いっしょにワインを飲み ませんか。 Issho
ni wain o nomimasenka.
( Won't you drink wine together?/I invite you to drink wine
with me)
映画を見にいきませんか。 Eiga
o mi-ni ikimasenka.
( Won't you go to see a movie?/I invite you to go to see a
movie)
This form is a relatively polite way to invite a person
to do something. It is proper to use this _expression
to a person who is not very familiar to the speaker.
If the person(listener) is familiar to the speaker, the
speaker can use the negative root form of verbs as shown in
the following examples ( Please click HERE to
listen to these sentences. )
e.g 私の家に来ない。 Watashi
no ie ni ko-nai (?).
いっしょにワインを飲まない。 Issho
ni wain o noma-nai(?).
映画を見に行かない。 eiga
o mi-ni ika-nai(?).
( Note! When you use this _expression, do put
the accent on the verb !)
Exercise 3, Please make two kinds of invitation sentences , as in the example.
e.g < Invitation to dance together > *to
dance=dansu o suru, odoru
(polite way)=>いっしょにダンスをしませんか。 Issho ni
dansu o shimasenka /踊りませんか。 odori-masenka
(familiar way)=>いっしょにダンスをしない。 Issho
ni dansu o shinai /踊らない。 odora-nai.
1, < Invitation to come to hear Jazz music>* Jazz
music=ジャズ音楽（おんがく） *to hear=聞く
2, < Invitation to go for a drive to the lake>*to go for a
drive=ドライブに行く *lake=湖（みずうみ）
3, < Invitation to make Japanese food together>
4, < Invitation to join the tennis club >* to join
(a club etc)= に 入る（はいる）
5, < Invitation to climb the mountain together >*to
climb =登る（のぼる）
2, Suggestion form <mashou>
The formal suggestion form is made from the verbal masu-form by replacing "masu" with "mashou".
e.g この電車に乗りましょう。 Kono
densha ni nori-mashou.
( Let's get on this train)
社 長に聞きましょう。 Shachoo
ni kiki-mashou
( Let's ask the president) *kiku=to ask
古 い車を売って、新しい車を買いましょう。 furui
kuruma o utte,atarashii kuruma o kai-mashou
(Let's sell the old car and buy a new car)
The above usages are for positive suggestion . If you
want to suggest not to do something, the _expression
to use consists of "the
infinitive(dictionary form) of verb + no wa +yame-mashoo"
"yameru" means "to cease"or "abandon doing something".
e.g この電車に乗るのはやめ
ましょう。 Kono densha ni noru nowa
yame-mashou ( Let's not get on
this train)
社
長に聞くのはやめましょう。Shachoo ni kiku nowa
yame-mashou. ( Let's not ask the president)
新
しい車を買うのはやめましょう。Atarashii kuruma o kau nowa
yame-mashou. ( Let's not buy a new
car )
You can make question sentences with "mashoo" followed
by "ka"(mashoo-ka)
It is quite common to use "mashoo-ka" with interrogative words
such as "nani""doko""itsu""dare"
e.g Question: この
電車に乗りましょうか。Kono densha ni nori-mashou ka (Shall
we get on this train ?)
Answer: は
い、この電車に乗りましょう。 Hai, Kono
densha ni norimashou (Yes, let's get on
this train.)
Question: 何
を飲みましょうか。Nani o nomi-mashou ka ( What
shall we drink ? )
Answer: ビー
ルを飲みましょう。Biiru o nomi-mashou.(Let's drink beer)
Exercise 4 Please translate the following sentences into Japanese.
e.g Shall we go to the sea for swimming? *to
swim=泳ぐ
=>海に泳ぎに行きましょうか。
No, let's not go to the sea for swimming
=>Iいいえ、海に泳ぎに行くのは止めましょう。
1, Shall we call my friend ? *to call = (person) を呼ぶ,
(person) に電話（でんわ）をかける
Yes, let's call your friend.
2, Shall we eat lunch before going out ? *to go
out=でかける
No, let's not eat lunch before going out>
3, Shall we ask the price before we go to buy ?
*to ask=尋ねる（たずねる） *price=値段（ねだん）
Yes, let's ask the price before we go to buy.
4, Shall we go into this restaurant ? *to go into
(place)=(place) に入る
No, let's not go into this restaurant.
5, Shall we start this job from tomorrow ? *to
start=始める（はじめる）
Yes, let's start this job from tomorrow.
Exercise 5, Please render the following questions in Japanese and give answers using the words in brackets ( ).
e.g What shall we do now ? ( to clean the house)
今、何をしましょうか。/ 家をそうじしましょう。
1, Where shall we go to eat ? ( to the Chinese
restaurant)
2, What shall we give to his son? ( computer game ) *to give
=ageru *game=geemu
3, When shall we go to travel around America? ( this May)
4, What kind of story shall we read together ? ( an old Japanese
story) *what kind of= donna *story=hanashi, monogatari
5, With whom shall we go to see the baseball game? ( with our
teacher) *game(match)=shiai
3, Suggestion form < "-Ou" or "-You">
Actually, the form "verb +mashou"is a more polite
_expression which can be used with strangers.
If you suggest doing something to a familiar person such as your
family and closer friends,
it is appropriate to use an equivalent form which is the "-ou"or
"-you"form.
Please look at the following examples.
<Group-1 verbs>The final "U" is replaced by "OU"
買うkau => polite suggestion
form "買いましょう kai-mashou"
=> familiar suggestion
form "買おう ka-ou" ( formed by replacing the final
"U"by "OU" )
話すhanasu=> polite suggestion form "話しましょう
hanashi-mashou"
=> familiar suggestion form "話そう hanas-ou"( formed by
replacing the final "U"by "OU")
<Group-2 verbs>The final "RU" is replaced by "YOU"
見るmi-ru => polite
suggestion form "見ましょう mi-mashou"
=>
familiar suggestion form "見よう mi-you"
( formed by replacing the final "RU" by "YOU")
食べるtabe-ru =>polite suggestion form
"食べましょう tabe-mashou"
&nbs p; =>familiar suggestion form "食べよう tabe-you"(
formed by replacing the final "RU" by "YOU")
<Irregular verbs>The change just has to be memorised.
するsu-ru => polite
suggestion form "しましょう shi-mashou"
=>
familiar suggestion form "しよう shi-you"
来るku-ru => polite
suggestion form "来ましょう ki-mashou"
=>
familiar suggestion form "来よう ko-you"
Exercise 6
Please express the following suggestion sentences in two
ways, as in the example.
e.g この店に入る。
(polite suggestion)
この店に入りましょう。
(familiar suggestion) この店に入ろう。
1, 新しい家に住む。(住む=to live)
(polite suggestion)
(familiar suggestion)
2, 日本語で手紙を書く。(手紙=letter)
(polite suggestion)
(familiar suggestion)
3, コンピューターの勉強を始める。
(polite suggestion)
(familiar suggestion)
4, 今、話すのは止める。
(polite suggestion)
(familiar suggestion)
5, あと一時間、彼を待つ。(待つ=to wait)
(polite suggestion)
(familiar suggestion)
------------------------------