<Lesson-19>

1, Informal form of adjectives and the copular verb "desu"

In conversation, there are occasions when you need to use  formal or polite expressions. 
Expressions with the copular verb "desu" following adjectives and nouns are appropriate for such formal use.

But, when there is no need to be formal or polite, you can use the so called "informal form". we will now learn such expressions.

First, let's look at some examples of informal sentences. 
The sentences in < > are the corresponding formal sentences.

* Informal tense form withTRUE Adjectives

A,  今 日は暑い。　Kyou wa atsui.<atsui desu>*kyou=today *atsui=hot 
     (Today it is hot.)

B,  昨 日は暑かった。　Kinou wa atsu-katta.<atsui deshita>*kinou=yesterday 
      (Yesterday it was hot)

C,  今 日は暑く（は）ない。Kyou wa atsuku(wa)nai.<atsuku(wa) nai desu or atsuku(wa)arimasen> 
     (Today it is not hot.)

D,  昨 日は暑く（は）なかった。Kinou wa atsuku(wa)nakatta.<atsuku(wa) nai deshita or atsuku(wa) arimasen deshita> 
     (Yesterday it was not hot.)

* A=present positive, B=past positive, C=present negative, D= past negative

< Desiderative expressions: "-tai/-takuarimasen/-tai deshita/-taku arimasen deshita> 
Desiderative forms such as "verb pre-masu form  +tai"and "hoshii" also inflect like true adjectives. 
This applies to the inflection of both informal and  formal tense forms .

e.g kai-tai desu (formal/ present +positive)=>kai-tai 
     kai-takuarimasen (formal/ present+negative)=>kai-takunai 
     kai-tai deshita (formal/ past+positive)=>kai-takatta 
     kai-takuarimasen deshita (formal/ past+negative)=>kai-takunakatta

* Informal tense form with NOUN adjectives

E,  こ の本は簡単だ。　Kono hon wa kantan da.< kantan desu > *kantan=easy 
    (This book is easy.)

F,  こ の本は簡単だった。　Kono hon wa kantan datta.  <kantan deshita > 
    (This book was easy.)

G,  こ の本は簡単で（は）ない。　Kono hon wa kantan de(wa)nai <kantan- de(wa)nai desu or kantan-dewaarimasen> 
    (This book is not easy.)

H,  こ の本は簡単で（は）なかった。Kono hon wa kantan de(wa)nakatta.<kantan- de(wa)nai deshita or dewaarimasen deshita>  
    (This book was not easy.)

*E=present positive, F=past positive, G=present negative, H=past negative 
*In sentences G,H, you can, more colloquially, say "janai"instead of "denai", "janakatta"instead of "denakatta".

* Informal tense forms with NOUN followed by copular verb

I,今日は 悪い天気だ。Kyou wa warui tenki da. < warui tenki desu > *warui tenki=bad weather 
  ( It is bad weather today.)

J,昨日は 悪い天気だった。Kinou wa warui tenki datta. <warui tenki deshita> 
  ( It was bad weather yesterday.)

K.今日は 悪い天気で（は）ない。Kyou wa warui tenki de(wa)nai <-tenki de(wa)nai desu or -tenki dewaarimasen> 
   ( It is not bad weather today.)

L.昨日は 悪い天気で（は）なかった。Kinou wa warui tenki de(wa)nakatta <-tenki de(wa)naideshita or dewaarimasen deshita> 
   ( It was not bad weather yesterday.)

* I=present positive, J=past positive, K=present positive, L=past negative 
*In the sentence K,L,you can say"janai"instead of "denai","janakatta"instead of "dewanakatta"to be more colloquial. 
  
Please note that informal tense forms are used not only for the above adjectives and the copular verb,but for all verbs. 
We will learn about the informal tense forms of verbs in a later lesson.

Exercise 1 Please translate the following sentences into Japanese using informal tense forms.

1, My friend is fine. *fine=元気（げんき）
    My friend is not fine. 
    My friend was fine. 
    My friend was not fine.

2, This shop is expensive. 
    This shop is not expensive. 
    This shop was expensive. 
    This shop was not expensive.

3, This is an interesting movie. 
    This is not an interesting movie. 
    This was an interesting movie. 
    This was not an interesting movie.

4,  I want to go to Tokyo. 
    I don't want to go to Tokyo. 
    I wanted to go to Tokyo. 
    I didn't want to go to Tokyo.

<Sentence-final particles>

These informal tense forms are used in conversation among family, friends and on any occasion in which 
the speaker doesn't need to speak politely. 
In actual conversation, informal tense forms are followed by  sentence-final particles . 
By adding sentence-final particles, the speaker lends some kind of feeling to the message. 
There are many sentence-final particles in the Japanese conversation, 
Here, I will introduce some common sentence-final particles such as "yo" and "wa" for intensive _expression, 
"no"for interrogative and "ne" for assertion with anticipation

Let's see some examples.[ For reference, the formal equivalent is also given.] ( You can click HERE to hear sentences below.)

A, この本はおもしろかったの。Kono hon wa omoshiro-katta no?  ( Was this book was interesting?) [formal :omoshiroi deshita ka] 
B, ええ、とてもおもしろかった（よ / わ）。ee, totemo omoshiro-katta yo/wa. (Yes,it was very interesting.) [formal: totemo omoshiroi deshita.]

C. あなたはいつも元気（だ）ね。Anata wa itsumo genki (da) ne? (You are always fine, aren't you?) [formal:-genki desu ne] 
D, ええ、いつも元気（だよ/だわ）。ee, itsumo genki da yo / genki da wa.( Yes, I am always fine.) [formal:-genki desu ] 
    *"ee"is another expression for"yes".

E, この人は有名な作家なの。Kono hito wa yuumei na sakka na no? ( Is this writer famous?) [formal:-yuumei-na sakka desu ka] 
F, いいえ、有名な作家ではない（よ/わ）。iie, yuumei na sakka dewa-nai yo/wa.(No, he is not famous) [formal:-yuumei-na sakka dewanai desu]

*"no"is the sentence-final particle for the interrogative and is a more colloquial question form than "ka" 
  It can be used after the informal tense forms of true adjectives, noun adjectives and the copular verb 
  (see the sentence-A)  If "no" comes immediately after the informal tense form "da", 
  this becomes "na" (see the sentence-E)

*"yo" and "wa"are  sentence final particles for intensive _expression with assertion and confidence. 
  Please note "wa"is used only by women and is not used by men while "yo"is used mainly by men. 
  They can follow the informal tense forms of true& noun adjectives and copular verb (see the sentence-B,D,F) 
Women use "wa yo" as well as "wa"  for intensive _expression 
  
*"ne"is a sentence-final particle which concludes the speaker's statement with an invitation to the listener to agree. 
( see the sentence-C)   But, the listener doesn't have to say "yes".

Exercise-2  Please change the following sentences to informal tense forms with the sentence-final particles "ne","no", and "yo","wa", as shown in the example.

e.g  Q, Anata wa  kono shigoto ga suki desu ka, あなたは　この仕事がすきですか。 
       (_Expression with "ne")=> Anata wa kono shigoto ga suki da ne. あなたは　この仕事がすきだね。 
       (_Expression with "no") => Anata wa kono shigoto ga suki na no ? あなたは　この仕事がすきなの。 

      A, ee, kono shigoto ga totemo  suki desu. ええ、この仕事が　とてもすきです。 
       (Answer by a man) => ee, kono shigoto ga totemo suki da yo. ええ、この仕事が　とてもすきだよ。 
       (Answer by a woman) => ee, kono shigoto ga totemo suki da wa. ええ、この仕事が　とてもすきだわ。

1, Q, あなたは料理（りょうり）が上手（じょうず）ですか。(_Expression with "ne") & (_Expression with "no") 
    A, いいえ、私は料理は下手（へた）です。( Answer by a man) & ( Answer by a woman)

2, Q  日本の歴史（れきし）はとても古いですか。 (_Expression with "ne") & (_Expression with "no") 
    A, ええ、とても古いです。( Answer by a man) & (Answer by a  woman)

3, Q, 昨日（きのう）のパーティーは楽しいでしたか。(_Expression with "ne") & (_Expression with "no") 
    A, はい、とても楽しいでした。( Answer by a man) & (Answer by a woman)

4, Q, この時計（とけい）は高い時計ですか。(_Expression with "ne") & (_Expression with "no") 
    A, いいえ、あまり高くはありません。( Answer by a man) & ( Answer by a woman)

5, Q, あなたの犬（いぬ）は利口（りこう）ですか。(_Expression with "ne") & (_Expression with "no") 
    A, いいえ、あまり利口ではありません。(Answer by a man) & (Answer by a woman)

2, Conjunctive and causal function of adjectives and the copular verb

So far,  you have learned the attributive and predicative uses of adjectives.( see lesson3,4) 
These are the most basic functions of adjectives. But, there are others. 
In this lesson, you will learn the conjunctive and causal functions of adjectives and  of copular verb "desu"

Let's see examples of the conjunctive and causal function of adjectives

<In case of True adjectives> 
* positive form ---the final "i" in a true adjective is replaced by "kute" 
* negative form ---the final "i"in a true adjective is replaced by "kunakute"adj+kunakute.

1,この水は汚くて、私は飲むこ とができません。Kono mizu wa kitana-kute, watashi wa nomu-koto ga dekimasen. 
  ( This water is dirty ,so I can't drink it) *汚い=dirty

2,このコーヒーは冷たくなく て、私は飲みたくないです。Kono koohii wa tsumeta-kunakute, watashi wa nomitakunai desu 
  .( This coffee is not cold .so I don't want to drink it)

3,あなたの本は小さくて、便利 ですね。Anata no hon wa chiisa-kute,benri desu ne. 
  (Your book is small and convenient, isn't it ? ) 
  Or this sentence can also mean( Your book is small.so it's convenient, isn't it ?)

4,私の本は小さくなくて、不便 です。　Watashi no hon wa chiisa-kunakute, fuben desu. 
  ( My book is not small and is incovenient 
   Or this sentence can also mean (My book isn't small. so it's not convenient)" 
*You should recognize the meaning (reason or just conjunction) from the context of the sentence. 
  
Exercise 3  Please translate the following sentences,as in the examples

e.g 

This food is so delicious, so I like it. 
=>この料理はたいへ んおいしくて、私は（この料理が）すきです。Kono ryouri wa taihen oishi-kute, watashi wa ( kono ryouri ga ) suki desu. 　 　　　
 This summer was hot and very long. 
=> この夏は暑く て、たいへん長かった（です）。Kono natsu wa atsu-kute, taihen naga-katta (desu). 　　　　

1, This child is clever and quiet. *clever=頭（あたま）がよい * quiet=おとなしい 
2, Your house is large and very beautiful. isn't it ? 
3, This book is so difficult, that's why I can't read this book. 
4, That mountain is very far from here, so I don't want to go there. *mountain=山（やま） 
5, Autumn is not so hot so I like it. *autumn=秋（あき）

<In case of  Noun adjectives> 
* positive form ---final "na" in the attributive usage of noun adjective is replaced by "de" 
* negative form ---final "na"in the attributive usage of noun adjective is replaced by "de-nakute" 
  
1, この仕事は重要で、難しいですね。Kono shigoto wa juuyou de muzukashii desu ne. 
   ( This job is important and difficult ,isn't it ?) 

4, 私は料理が下手で、あまり料理をしません。Watashi wa ryouri ga heta de, amari ryouri o shimasen. 
   ( I am not good at cooking, so that I  seldom cook. )

Exercise 4 Please translate the following sentences, as in the examples.

e.g  

This child is so clever, so his parents are happy. *happy=うれしい 
 => こ の子供はたいへん利口で、彼の親はうれしいです。 kono kodomo wa taihen rikou de, kare no oya wa ureshii desu. 　 　　　
My father is stubborn and he likes to work. *stubborn=がんこ(noun adj) 
=> 私の父は頑固 で、働くことがすきです。watashi no chichi wa ganko de, hataraku koto ga suki desu. 　 　　　

1, Your grandfather is always fine and young *young=若い（わかい）、若若しい（わかわかしい） *grandfather=おじいさん 
2, The color of these clothes is quiet ,so that I like these clothes. *clothes=服（ふく） *color=色（いろ） *quiet=地味（じみ） 
3,  I didn't like to study, so that I didn't go to  my school everyday. 
4, This person is not so serious and is easygoing. isn't he? *serious=真面目（まじめ）　*easygoing=のんき(noun adj) 
5, Today's test was simple, so that I could answer all of questions *simple=単純（たんじゅん） *all=全部（ぜんぶ）

<In case of Noun followed by copular verb > 
* positive form ---noun+de 
* negative form ---noun+denakute

1, 私の名前は一郎で、弟は二郎です。Watashi no namae wa Ichirou de, otouto wa Jirou desu. ( desu=>de) 
   ( My name is Ichirou and my younger brother is Jirou) 

4, 今日はいい天気でなくて、残念ですね。Kyou wa ii tenki denakute, zannen desu ne. *残 念=regrettable,disappointing 
    ( Today's being bad weather is a pitty, isn't it ? )

Exercise 5  Please translate the following sentences, as in the example.

e.g  

Today is not Monday,but Tuesday. 
 => 今 日は月曜日でなくて、火曜日です。kyoo wa getsu-youbi denakute, ka-youbi desu.            
This is a very old radio, so that you can't listen to the radio. 
=> これはたいへ ん古いラジオで、ラジオをきくことはできません.Kore wa taihen furui rajio de,  rajio o kiku koto wa dekimasen. 　 　

1, My car is a Japanese car and his car is an American car. 
2, my birthday is not the 25th of July, but the 26th of June. 
3, This is dirty water, so that you can't drink this water. 
4, Because of the strike, I didn't work at the company yesterday *strike=ストライキ

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