<Lesson-20>

In this lesson, we will continue to learn more uses of Japanese adjectives. 
We will  learn some conditional and adverbial expressions.

A, Conditional form of adjectives and copular verb "desu"

Let's see basic conditional expressions with Japanese adjectives and the copular verb "desu" for making subordinate clause in sentences.

<Conditional form of true adjectives>

Let's see sample sentences with conditional forms of true adjectives. ( You can click HERE to hear sentences below.)

<adjective + kereba/kunakereba>

この肉が安ければ、これを買 います。 Kono niku ga yasu-kereba, (watashi wa) kore o kaimasu.
( If this meat is cheap, I wll buy this) 

この肉が安くなければ、これ を買いません。Kono niku ga yasu-ku nakereba, kore o kaimasen. 
( If this meat is not cheap, I won't buy this)

*The positive conditional form of a true adjective is formed by replacing its final "i" with "kereba" 
  e.g.  taka-i=>taka-kereba, omoshiro-i=>omoshiro-kereba 

*The negative conditional form of a true adjective is made by replacing its final "i" with "kuna-kereba" 
  e.g  taka-i=>taka-kunakereba,  omoshiro-i=>omoshiro-kunakereba

There is a second, equivalent form using "nara(ba)"for positive condition and "kunai nara(ba)" for negative condition. 
Let's see sample sentences.

<adjective+nara(ba)/kunai-nara(ba)>

この料理がおいしいなら、こ れを食べます。 Kono ryouri ga oishii-nara, (watashi wa)kore o tabemasu.
(If this food is tasty,I will eat it.)

この料理がおいしくないな ら、これを食べません。 Kono ryouri ga oishi-kunai nara, kore o tabemasen.
(If this food is not tasty, I won't eat it)

* "nara"for positive condition come immediately after the true adjective. 
     e.g.  takai=>takai-nara  omoshiroi=>omoshiroi-nara 

* "nara"for negative conditions comes immediately after the negative true adjective form 
     e.g.  takakunai=>takakunai-nara,  omoshirokunai=>omoshirokunai-nara

<Grammatical notes> 

* To add "ba" after "nara" is optional.  There is no difference between them. 

*The"kereba"form and "nara"forms are interchangeable both in the positive and negative modes. 

*In subordinate clause of a sentence, the subject indicator particle "ga" must follow  the subject word rather than "wa". 
(if the subject in main clause and  subordinate clause is the same. the subject in subordinate clause is still followed by the 
  particle "wa")

<Desiderative expressions : "hoshii"and "-tai">

Desiderative forms such as "hoshii ( to want)"<see lesson-14> and "verb+tai ( to want to do)" <see lesson-17>  has the same inflection patterns as true adjectives. 
You can thus make conditional clauses with these words by using the conditional forms of true adjectives as explained above.

<examples> 
anata ga koohii o nomi-tai nara(or nomi-takereba), watashi wa tsukuri-masu. 
あなたがコーヒーを飲みたいなら（飲みたければ）、私は作ります。 
(If you want to drink coffee, I will make it ) *作る=to make

anata ga omocha  o hoshii naraba(or hoshi-kereba), watashi wa omocha o kaimashoo. 
あなたがおもちゃを欲しいならば（欲しければ）、私はおもちゃを買いましょう。 
(If you want toys, I shall buy toys ) *おもちゃ=toy

*"A wa B ga hoshii desu"( A want B) thus changes to  "A ga B o hoshii nara/hoshi kereba"

Exercise 1, Please translate the following sentences into Japanese , as in the example.

e,g  If you are busy, I will help you. But, if you are not busy, I won't help you. 
      =あなたが忙しいならば、私はあなたを手伝 います。 Anata ga isogashii-naraba, watashi wa anata o tetsudai-masu.
        でも、忙しくない な ら、手伝いません。Demo, isogashi-kunainara,tetsudai-masen.

1, If this book is interesting, I will read it. But, if it's not interesting, I won't read it. 
2, If your house is near here, I will go to your house. But, if it's not near, I won't go. *near=近い（ちかい） 
3, If the weather is good tomorrow, I will swim in the sea . But, if it's not good, I won't swim.*swim=泳ぐ（およぐ） 
4, If your car is new and beautiful, I will buy it, But, if it's not , I won't buy it.

Exercise 2 Please translate the following sentences into Japanese

1, If you want a Japanese dictionary, I shall lend you  my dictionary.. *to lend =貸す（かす） 
2, If you want to see my photos, I shall show you (them). . *to show = 見せる 
3, If you don't want to come with me, you may stay at home. * to stay = 居る（いる） 
4, If you don't want these clothes, I will find other clothes. * to find = 見つける *other=他の（ほかの）

< A further expression for conditional clause: "-katta ra/ -kunakatta ra>

So far, I have shown you two kinds of  expression for the conditional. 
The following conditional form ending in "-katta ra " is also very common for making conditional clauses and is based on the "katta" form of true adjectives.   ( See:"true adjective + katta"in lesson-19) 

Let's see some examples of  sentences,

*Yasui- positive condition 
 安かったら、買います。Yasu-katta-ra. kaimasu  ( If it's cheap, I will buy it.) 
 (e.g  takai=>taka-kattara,  oishii=>oishi-kattara )   

*Yasui- negative condition 
安 くなかったら、買いません。 Yasu-kunakatta-ra. kaimasen.  ( If it's not cheap, I won't buy it.) 
 (e.g takai=>taka-kunakattara, oishii=>oishi-kunakattara )

Exercise-3 Please translate the following sentences into Japanese using "-kattara（かったら）" or "-nakattara（なかったら）"

1, If you want to sleep, please sleep here. * to sleep=眠る（ねむる）, to want to sleep=眠りたい 
2, If your head is painful( you have headache), please take this medicine. *painful=いたい *head=頭（あたま） 
3, If you don't want these shoes, let's buy those shoes. * shoes=くつ 
4, If you don't want to speak Japanese, you may speak English.

<Conditional form of Noun adjectives and the copular verb "desu">

Conditional clauses using <noun adjectives> or <noun followed by "desu"> can be made as in the 
following examples.( Inflection patterns are the same for both.)

<noun adjectives>

1,この本が便利なら（ば）、読みます。 Kono hon ga benri nara(ba), yomimasu.
　( If this book is useful, I will read it ) 
2,この本が便利だったら、読みます。 Kono hon ga benri datta-ra, yomimasu.
　( If this book is useful, I will read it) 
3,この本が便利でないなら（ば）、読みません。 Kono hon ga benri denai-nara(ba), yomimasen.
　( If this book isn't useful, I won't read it ) 
4,この本が便利でなければ、読みません。 Kono hon ga benri denakereba, yomimasen
　( If this book isn't useful, I won't read it) 
5,こ の本が便利でな かったら、読みません。 Kono hon ga benri denakatta-ra, yomimasen.
　( If this book isn't useful, I won't read it)

<Grammatical notes>

* "nara(ba)" and "dattara"are interchangeable, as are also  "denainara","denakereba" and "denakattara"

* In subordinate clause, subject indicator particle "ga"( Not "wa")  must be used after the subject. 
  ( if the subject in main clause and  subordinate clause is the same. the subject in subordinate clause is still followed by    the particle "wa")

< noun +"desu"> 1,2 =>positive conditions  3,4,5 =>negative conditions

1, これが便利な本なら、読みま す。 Kore ga benri na hon nara, yomimasu.
　　( If this is a useful book, I will read) 
2, これが便利な本だったら、読みます。 Kore ga benri na hon datta-ra, yomimasu.
　　( If this is a useful book, I will read) 
3, これが便利な本でないなら、読みません。Kore ga benri na hon denai-nara, yomimasen.
　　( If this isn't a useful book, I won't read) 
4, これが便利な本でなければ、読みません。Kore ga benri na hon denakereba, yomimasen.
　　( if this isn't a useful book, I won't read) 
5, これが便利な本でなかったら、読みません。 Kore ga benri na hon denakatta-ra, yomimasen.
　　( If this isn't a useful book, I won't read)

< Grammatical notes> 

* As mentioned in the previous section on noun adjectives, these expressions are interchangeable and 
 "ga" must be used in the subordinate clause rather than "wa" unless the subject of main clause and 
  subordinate clause is the same one.

Exercise 4 Please make the proper sentences, as in the example.

e.g  ( this book) easy--read 
      positive with "だったら" =>この本が簡単（かんたん）だったら、読みます。 
      negative with "でなければ"=>この本が簡単でなければ、読みません。

1, ( you ) serious-- hire 　*to hire=雇う（やとう） 
    positive with "だったら" 
    negative with "でなかったら"

2, ( these clothes) to your liking--wear * to your liking=好きな *to wear=着る（きる） 
    positive with "だったら" 
    negative with "でないなら"

3, ( your cooking) skillful-- eat * skillful=上手（じょうず） 
    positive with "なら" 
    negative with "でなかったら"

4, ( this ) important job-- do * important=大切（たいせつ） 
    positive with "なら" 
    negative with "でなければ"

5, (this fish) fresh fish-- buy * fresh＝新鮮（しんせん） 
    positive with "dattara　だったら" 
    negative with "でないなら"

6, (Your country) beautiful country--go 
    positive with "なら" 
    negative with 　"でなかったら"

B, Adverbial form of adjectives

Japanese adjectives become adverbs by changing their formsin relatively simple manner. 
For true adjectives, final "i" is replaced by "ku". (e.g  atsui=>atsu-ku) 
For noun adjectives, final "na" is replaced by "ni" (e.g benri-na=>benri-ni)

Let's see examples.

< True adjectives> 
早く来てください。haya-ku kite- kudasai.(Please come quickly)  *hayai(quick)=>hayaku(quickly) 
私は車を安く売ります。watashi wa kuruma o yasu-ku urimasu ( I will sell a car cheaply) *yasui(cheap)=>yasuku(cheaply)

<Grammatical notes> 
* It is best to place the adverb immediately before the modified verb in the sentence. 
* The"-ku" form  is occasionally used as a noun in a limited number of adjectival words 
  such as "ooi(many)","chikai (close) ","tooi ( far)"etc. 
  e.g  chika-ku no ie = chikai ie, too-ku no kuni = tooi kuni,

< Noun adjectives > 
彼は真面目に働きます。kare wa majime-ni hatarakimasu　( He works seriously) 
花をき れいに飾ってください。hana o kirei-ni kazatte-kudasai ( Please decorate the flowers beautifully) *to decorate=kazaru

* It is best to place the adverb immediately before the modified verb in the sentence. 
 

Exercise 5  Please insert the bracketed adjectives, changing them to adverbs and inserting them into the sentences in the appropriate position. 

e.g 私はピアノを弾くこと ができます。watashi wa piano o hiku-koto ga dekimasu.( 上手な = skillfull) 
     => わたしはピアノを上 手に弾 くことができます。watashi wa piano o joozu-ni hiku-koto ga dekimasu.

1, 私は漢字を書くこ とができます。watashi wa kanji o kaku-koto ga dekimasu.  ( 正しい=correct) 
2, この歌を歌ってください。kono uta o utatte-kudasai ( 楽しい=happy) *uta=song 
3, ここで、友達と話してください。koko de tomodachi to hanashite-kudasai ( 静かな =quiet) 。 
4, あの国にはミネラルがあります。ano kuni ni(wa) mineraru ga arimasu (豊富な＝ほうふな =rich) *mineraru=mineral 
5, 私は昔の本を集めました。watashi wa mukashi no hon o atsumemashita. ( 多い=many) *mukashi=old days *atsumeru=to collect 
  
*These adverbs can make idiomatic expressions by connecting with "suru" and "naru"

*"true adjective-ku suru"( to make A --)-as a transitive verb 
e.g  この水を熱くしてください。kono mizu o atsu-ku shite-kudasai ( Please make this water hot) 
       私の髪を短くして ください。watashi no kami o mijika-ku shite-kudasai ( Please make my hair short.)

*"true adjective-ku naru" ( to become --)-as a intransitive verb 
e.g  私 の息子は大きくなりました。watashi no musuko wa ooki-ku narimashita. ( My son became big) 
       彼 女は美しくなりました。kanojo wa utsukushi-ku narimashita. ( She became beautiful )

*"noun adjective-ni suru"( to make A --)- as a transitive verb 
e.g  私はあなたを幸 せにします。watashi wa anata o shiawase-ni shimasu. ( I make you happy) 
       こ の薬はあなたを元気にします。Kono kusuri wa anata o genki-ni shimasu. ( This medicine makes you well)

*"noun adjective-ni naru"( to become--) -as a intransitive verb 
e.g  私は今、元気になりました。watashi wa ima genki-ni narimashita. ( I have come to feel fine now) 
       子 どもたちは静かになりました。kodomo-tachi wa shizuka-ni narimashita. ( Children became quiet )

Exercise 6 Please arrange the word order correctly with changing the form of adjective  according to the English translation in <  >.

e.g  美しい、 あなた、 とても、 は、 なりました < You became very beautiful.> 
      => anata wa totemo utsukushi-ku narimashita. あなたはとても美しくなりました。

1, は、家、私、を、新しい、この、します< I will renovate this house> *あたらしい=new 
2, きれい、部屋、は、か、あなた、なりました、の < Did your room become clean ?>*部屋＝room 
3, なります、は、つぎの、むずかしい、テスト < The next test will become more difficult.> *つぎの＝next 
4, から、大好き（＝だいすき）、は、食べ物、なりました、この、ことし<This food has become a favorite since this year> * 大好き＝favorite = daisuki-na *ことし＝this year