<Lesson-21>
In this
lesson, we will learn more useful expressions based on
adjectives, namely those in particular by adding words such
as "deshou"(supposition form of "desu") and
"sou-desu/you-desu/rashii/
A, Supposition form "deshou" ("でしょう")
"でしょう" is the supposition form of the copular verb "です". By replacing "desu" with "deshou"after nouns or informal tense forms of adjectives , the sentence will imply the nuances such as guess, probability and uncertainty.
Let's see some examples. ( You can click HERE to hear sentences below.)
<With
true adjectives>
この料理は多分、おいしい でしょう。 Kono
ryoori wa (tabun) oishii deshou.
(This food may be tasty/ I guess this food is tasty.)
この 料理は多分、おいしくないでしょう。Kono
ryoori wa (tabun) oishiku-nai deshou.
(This food may not be tasty/I guess this food is not tasty.)
<With
noun adjectives>
彼はきっと幸せでしょう。Kare
wa (kitto) shiawase deshou.
( He is surely happy./ I guess he must be happy)
彼 はきっと幸せでないでしょう。Kare
wa (kitto) shiawase-denai deshou.
( He is surely unhappy./I guess he must be unhappy.)
<With
noun>
これはきっと冷たい水でしょう。Kore
wa (kitto) tsumetai mizu deshou
( This must be cold water./ I guess this must be cold
water.).
<Grammatical
notes>
* "でしょう"
implies a feeling of expectation or uncertainty on the
part of the speaker.
*"たぶん" means "maybe". A similar word is "
お そらく" :both imply uncertainty on the
speaker's part.
"きっと" ("surely")
implies the speaker's strong expectation
(e.g Kono hon wa
kitto omoshiroi deshou.=I guess this book must be
interesting.)
*"だろう" is used in conversation with the same
function as "でしょう"
but, "だろう" is used only
by men and not by women.
< The
question form "でしょうか">
A question with "でしょうか " can be used when the questioner
wants to know or hear
what the listener is thinking or guessing about the
matter.
e.g
A, いま、東京は寒いでしょうか。Ima Tokyo wa samui deshou ka ? (
Do you think Tokyo is cold now ? )
B,
はい、いま 東京はたぶん寒いでしょう。Hai, ima Tokyo wa tabun samui deshou.(
Yes, I guess/think Tokyo may be cold now.)
Exercise 1, Please express in Japanese using "deshou ka （でしょうか）" and "deshou（でしょう）".
e.g
Do you think this flower is expensive ? => この花は高いでしょうか。
Yes, I think this flower surely is
expensive => はい、この花はきっと高いでしょう。
1,
Do you think that place is quiet ?
No, I don't think that place is quiet.
2,
Do you think she likes these clothes ?
Yes, I guess she may like these clothes.
3,
Do you think my country is beautiful ?
Yes, I think your country surely is beautiful.
4,
Do you think the Japanese language is difficult ?
No, I guess Japanese is not so difficult
language. ( not so = sonna ni +negative form)
5,
Do you think he is serious and clever ?
Yes, I am sure he is serious and clever.
B, Guessing and appearance adjuncts-"そう/よう/らしい/みたいです"
I shall show you examples using these adjuncts which connect with adjectives and the copula verb "desu"
<そうです> Appearance & Hearsay adjunct
1, This adjunct has two different meanings. One is "to be likely"(Appearance). The another one is"I heard"(Hearsay). The way the adjunct is linked to the adjective differs for these two meanings.
(With
true adjectives) Sentence A and B
=appearance usage, Sentence C and D=hearsay usage
e.g based on the statement " こ
の料理はおいしいです。 Kono ryouri wa oishii desu. "
( This food is tasty)
A, この料理はおいしそうです。Kono ryouri wa oishi-sou desu.
(This food looks/seems tasty.)= appearance usage
B, この料理はおいしく（は）なさそうです。Kono ryouri wa oishi-ku(wa)nasa-sou
desu. ( This food seems not to be tasty)=appearance usage
C, この料理はおいしいそうです。Kono ryouri wa oishii sou desu. (
I heard this food is tasty)= hearsay usage
D, この料理はおいしくないそうです。Kono ryouri wa oishi-kunai
sou desu.( I heard this food isn't tasty)=hearsay usage
* In
the appearance expressions, "sou desu" replaces
the final "i" of the true adjective.
In the negative form,
"kunasa-sou desu"replaces the final "i".
* Hearsay
usage can be made by adding "そうです"to the full informal tense
forms of true adjectives.
e.g この料理はおいしいそうです。 Kono ryouri wa oishii sou
desu(sentence C)
この料理はおいしくないそうで
す。Kono ryouri wa oishi-kunai sou
desu(sentence D)
この料理はおいしかったそうで
す。Kono ryouri wa oishi-katta sou
desu ( I heard the food was tasty.)
この料理はおいしくなかったそ
うです。Kono ryouri wa oishi-kunakatta sou
desu ( i heard the food was not tasty.)
(With
noun adjectives) Sentence A and
B=appearance usage, Sentence C and D=hearsay usage
e.g based on the statement " 彼女はまじ
めです。Kanojo wa majime desu." (
He is serious.)
A, 彼女はまじめそうです。Kanojo wa majime-sou desu
( She looks serious)= appearance usage
B, 彼女はまじめで（は）なさそうです。Kanojo wa majime-de(wa)nasa-sou
desu ( She does not look serious
)=appearance usage
C, 彼女はまじめだそうです。Kanojo wa majime da sou desu.(
I heard she is serious)= hearsay usage
D, 彼女はまじめでないそうです。Kanojo wa majime denai sou
desu.( I heard she isn't serious)= hearsay usage
*Appearance
usage is made by adding "そうです"to the noun adjective directly,
omitting "な"(sentence A)
The negative appearance usage is
made by adding "でなさそうです"to the noun adjectives,omitting "な"
*Hearsay usage can be made by adding "そうです"to informal tense
forms of noun adjectives.
.e.g 彼女はまじめだそうです。Kanojo wa majime
da sou desu (sentence C)
彼女はまじめでないそうです。Kanojo
wa majime denai sou
desu (sentence D)
彼女はまじめだったそうです。Kanojo
wa majime datta sou
desu (I heard she was serious.)
彼女はまじめでなかったそうです。Kanojo wa majime denakatta sou
desu (I heard she was not serious.)
(With
noun followed by the copular verb "です") Only
hearsay usage exists.
e,g based on the statement " こ
れはすずきさんの車で す。Kore wa suzuku-san no kuruma desu."( This is
Mr.Suzuki's car)
A, これはすずきさんの車だそうです。Kore wa suzuki-san no kuruma
da sou desu.( I heard this is Mr. Suzuki's car)
B, これはすずきさんの車だったそうです。Kore wa suzuki-san no kuruma
datta sou desu.( I heard this was Mr.Suzuki's car)
* Hearsay
usage can be made by adding "そうです" to informal tense forms of
the copular verb"で す"
e.g これはすずきさんの車だそうです。Kore wa suzuki-san no kuruma
da sou desu ( sentence A)
これはすずきさんの車でないそうです。Kore wa
suzuki-san no kuruma denai sou
desu ( I heard this is not Mr.Suzuki's car.)
これはすずきさんの車だったそうです。Kore wa
suzuki-san no kuruma datta sou
desu (sentence B)
これはすずきさんの車ではなかったそうです。Kore
wa suzuki-san no kuruma dewanakatta sou
desu ( I heard this was not Mr.Suzuki's car.)
Exercise 2 Please make proper Japanese sentences using "そうです",as in the example.
e.g I heard that yesterday was his birthday
=> 昨日は彼の誕生日だったそうです。
I heard the yesterday was not his
birthday => 昨日は彼の誕生日ではなかったそうです。
My friend looks very
happy = 私のともだちはたいへん幸せそうです。
My friend looked very happy =
私のともだちはたいへん幸せそうでした。
My friend looked unhappy =
私のともだちは幸せではなさそうでした。
1
I heard he is fine *fine=元気（げんき）
I heard he isn't fine.
I heard he was fine.
2
I heard this is a very fast horse, * horse=馬（うま） *fast=速い（はやい）
I heard this was a very fast horse.
I heard this was not a fast horse.
3
He looks very hungry *hungry=空腹（くうふく） <noun adj,>
He looked very hungry.
He does not look hungry.
4
She looks very sad *sad=悲しい（かなしい）
She does not look sad.
5 This movie looks very interesting.
This movie
looks uninteresting.
This movie
looked uninteresting.
2, "そうです" functions as a predicate. By changing "そうです"into "そうな", you can use it as an attributive. (This form is limited to use in expressions of appearance.)
e.g
これはおいしそうな料理です。Kore wa oishi-sou na ryouri
desu. ( This is delicious-looking food/
This looks like delicious food )
かれはまじめそうな人ではありません。Kare wa majime-sou
na hito dewaarimasen (
He doesn't look like serious man.)
Exercise 3 Please translate the following sentences into Japanese.
e.g Your dog looks like a clever dog
=あなたの犬は利口そうな犬です。
Russian language does not look
easy language.
=ロシア語はやさしそうな言葉（ことば）ではありません。
1, This bag looks like an expensive bag.
2, Her dress looks ( like a
) very warm dress.
3, This looks like a
comfortable job *comfortable=楽（らく）
4, This book doesn't look
like an easy book.
<よ うです> Guessing adjunct
1, By adding this adjunct to adjectives, guessing _expression can be made.
(With
true adjectives)
明日の試験はやさしいようです。Ashita no shiken wa yasashii
you desu. ( It seems to me that
tomorrow's test will be easy)
昨日の試験はやさしかったようです。Kinou no shiken wa yasashi-katta
you desu. ( It seems to me that yesterday's test was
easy,)
* Guessing
expression can be made by adding "yoo desu"to informal tense
forms of true adjectives
e.g やさしいようです、やさしくないようです、
(With
noun adjectives)
明日の試験は簡単なようです。Ashita no shiken wa kantan-na
you desu. ( It seems to me that
tomorrow's test will be easy, )
昨日の試験は簡単だったようです。Kinou no shiken wa kantan-datta
you desu. ( Ｙesterday's test was easy, I
guess)
* Guessing
expression can be made by adding "ようです" to informal tense forms
of noun adjectives.
But, in case of present positive form, "だ" changes
to "な" to connect with "ようです"
e.g 簡単なようです、簡単ではないようです、簡単だったようです、
2, By adding this adjunct to nouns, appearance& guessing _expression can be made.
A,彼は日本人で
す。Kare wa nihon-jin desu. (
He is a Japanese)
B,彼は日本人のようです。Kare wa nihon-jin no you
desu. ( He looks like a
Japanese/ He is a Japanese, I guess)
* Sentence A
is affirmative expression.
* In sentence B, the copular verb "です" changes to "の" to connect
with "ようです"
* Sentence B has two kinds of meaning. One is "looking
like"(appearance). Another one is "I guess"(assumption)
To avoid this confusion, you
can add adverb "まるで"to the sentence
when it is to mean "looking like"
e.g 彼は（まるで）日本人のようです。kare wa (
marude) nihon-jin no you desu. ( He
looks like a Japanese) *まるで=quite, absolutely
Exercise 4 Please translate the following sentences into Japanese using "ようです" expressions.
1, New York is very cold in December , I
guess.
2, That man is very
busy now , I guess. *busy=忙しい（いそがしい）
3, Her residence
seems to be very quiet *residence=住まい（すまい）
4, It seems that
Japanese people are very kind. *kind=親切（しんせつ）
5, He looks like my
teacher.
6, It seems the party
was wonderful and enjoyable *enjoyable=楽しい（たのしい）*
3, By
changing "ようです" into "ような", an attributive form becomes
available.
(This form can be used only in expressions
of appearance.)
A,
犬のような動物（どうぶつ）inu no you-na doubutsu (an
animal like dog)
B, 日本人のような顔（かお）nihon-jin no you-na kao (
a face like that of a Japanese)
C, これは夢（ゆめ）のような話です。kore wa yume no
you-na hanashi desu. (
This is a story like a dream.) *夢=dream
*The basic formula is "(noun)のような(noun) ."
Exercise 5 Please make proper Japanese sentences using "ような",as in the example.
e.g (okonomiyaki) the Japanese dish resembling pizza
=> お好み焼きはピッツァのような料理です。
1, ( today ) the weather like winter
*weather=天気（てんき）
2, ( organ ) the
instrument like piano *organ=オルガン *instrument=楽器（がっき）
3, ( his house) the
house like palace *palace=宮殿（きゅうでん）
4, ( you ) a strong
man like my father *strong=強い（つよい）
<らしいですor みたいです> Guessing adjunct
This
_expression is similar to expressions with "ようです".
But, "らしいです/みたいです" is guessing expressions with more
definite ground in order to mention sentences.
"らしいi" and "みたい"are interchangeable.
1 This expression can also be made by adding "らしい（みたい）です" to adjectives & nouns,
<With
true adjectives>
e.g based on the statement "
日本の夏（なつ）は暑いです。Nihon no natsu wa atsui desu." (
Japanese summer is hot)
日本の夏は暑いらしい（orみたい）です。Nihon no natsu wa atsui
rashi(mitai)desu.
( It seems the Japanese summer is hot )
日本の夏は暑くなかったらしい（or みたい）です。Nihon no natsu wa atsuku-nakatta
rashii(mitai) desu.
( It seems the Japanese summer has not been hot)
*The
expression can be made by adding "らしいです"to informal tense form
of true adjective.
e.g 寒いらしいです、寒くないらしいです、寒かったらしいです、
<With
noun adjectives>
e.g based on the statement "この歌は日本で有名（ゆうめい）
です。Kono uta wa nihon de yuumei desu" (
This song is famous in Japan)
この歌は日本で有名らしい（みたい）です。Kono uta wa nihon de yuumei
rashii( mitai ) desu.
( It seems to me this song is famous in Japan)
この歌は日本で有名だったらしい（みたい）です。Kono uta wa nihon de yuumei
datta rashii( mitai ) desu.
( It seems this song was famous in Japan)
*This
expression can be made by adding "らしいです"to informal tense form
of noun adjective.
e.g 簡単らしいです、簡単ではないらしいです、
<With
noun followed by the copular verb "desu">
e.g based on the statement "中国語はやさしい言
葉（ことば）です。Chuugoku-go wa yasashii kotoba desu (
Chinese is an easy language)
中国語はやさしい言葉らしい（みたい）です。Chuugoku-
( It seems Chinese is an easy language)
中国語はやさしい言葉ではないらしい（みたい）です。
( It seems Chinese is not an easy language)
*This
expression can be made by adding "らしいです"after the informal tense
forms of "です"
But, the present positive form, "だ" is omitted before
"らしいです".
e.g 友だちらしいです/友だちではないらしいです、(It seems he is/is not a friend)
友だちだったらしいです/友だちではなかったらしいです。(It seems he
was/was not a friend.)
Exercise 6 Please change the following sentences to the forms requested in brackets.
1,
Mr. Goto is a serious and honest man *honest=正直（しょうじき）
( rashii desu-guessing)
( sou desu-hearsay)
( you desu-appearance)
2,
The baseball game yesterday was very interesting.*game=試合（しあい）
( rashii desu-guessing)
( sou desu-hearsay)
( you desu-guessing)
3,Tomorrow's
weather will be cool. *cool=涼しい（すずしい)
( rashii desu-guessing)
( sou desu-appearance)
( you desu-guessing)
4, My friend was not good at tennis.
( rashii
desu-guessing)
( sou
desu-hearsay)
( you
desu-guessing)
------------------------------