<Lesson-23>

In this lesson, you will learn some ways of  expressing reason and cause, and 
some corresponding interrogatives for asking "why?"

A,  Causal expressions with "から" , "ので", "ため (に)" (because).

To express the reason for an action, causal conjunctions such as "kara","node" and "tame (ni)"are used in the clause 
containing the cause. Let's see these expressions in use as conjunctions with various verbals ( adjectives, copular verb, verbs ). 
  
1) Causal conjunctions following true adjectives

   Causal conjunctions such as "kara/node/tame" can follow true adjectives and thus form clauses which contain the cause . 
   Sample sentences are as follow.( You can click HERE to hear sentences below.)

1, こ の本は難しいから、わかりません。 Kono hon wa muzukashii kara, ( watashi wa ) wakarimasen. 
　　
 ( Because this book is difficult, I don't understand it ) 

2, こ の本は難しかったから、わかりませ んでした。 Kono hon wa muzukashi-katta kara, wakarimasen-deshita. 
　　
 ( Because this book was difficult, I didn't understand it)

3, そ の時計は高いので、買いません。 Sono tokei wa takai node, ( watashi wa sono tokei o) kaimasen. 
　　
 ( That watch is expensive, so, I won't buy it )

4,そ の時計は高かったので、買いませんでした。 Sono tokei wa taka-katta node, kaimasen-deshita. 
　　
 ( That watch was expensive, so, I didn't buy it )

5, 仕 事がいそがしいため（に）、家に帰ることができません。 Shigoto ga isogashii tame(ni), uchi ni kaeru koto ga dekimasen. 
　　
 ( I am busy with my job, so I can't go home. )

6, 仕 事がいそがしかったため（に）、家に帰ることができませんでした。Shigoto ga isogashi-katta tame(ni), uchi ni kaeru koto ga dekimasen-deshita. 
　　 
 ( As I was busy with my job,  I could not go home)

* "kara", "node"and "tame" are interchangeable among the above sentences. 
    Among these three, "kara"is the simplest word  for conversational use. 
* "kara","node" and "tame"can link to the 4 informal tense forms of true adjectives as above sample sentences. 
    And "kara" and "node" can likewise link to the formal tense form of true adjectives. 
    e.g  Sono tokei wa takai desu kara, kaimasen. ( "takai desu" is a formal tense form) 
    e.g  Kono hon wa muzukashii desu kara, wakarimasen. ( "muzukashii desu" is a formal tense form.) 
* "tame" has another important function to indicate some purpose for an activity ( see reference=>lesson-18)

Exercise 1,  Please combine two clauses using "ので","から" and "ため", as in the example.

e.g  My car is old -- I want to sell it. 
      <から> 私の車は古い（です）から、売りたいです。 
      <ので>私の車は古い（です）ので、売りたいです。 
      <ため>私の車は古いため、売りたいです。

1, Your old stamp is very rare -- I want to buy it. 
2, This area is very noisy --I will move out to a quiet place. *to move out=hikkosu 
3,  It is hot now -- you may not go out .* to go out=dekakeru 
4, This philosophy book isn't difficult -- please read it. * Philosophy=tetsugaku 
5,  I was sad yesterday --I went to drink sake alone. *sad=kanashii *alone=hitori de 
6, The bag was not heavy  -- I could carry it by myself.  * to carry=hakobu

Desire usages such as "tabe-tai","tabe-takunai" <pre-masu form of verb+ tai/takunai> 
or "hoshii/hoshikunai" are also followed by "kara""node"and "tame"in the same way with true adjectives.

e.g  アメリカに行きたい（から/ので/ため）、英語（えいご）を勉強しています。
     ( Since I want to go to America, I am studying English) 
      今 日は友だちに会いたくない （から/ので/ため）、出かけません。
     ( As I don't want to meet with friends today,  I won't go out) 
      お金が欲しい（から/ので/ため）、毎日（まいにち）はたらきます。
     ( Since I want money,  I work everyday )

Exercise 2, Please combine two clauses using "から","ので" and "ため" as in the example.

e.g  I want to learn Japanese -- I will go to a Japanese school. *to learn=manabu 
      <から> 日本語を学びたい（です）から、日本語の学校に行きます。 
      <ので>日本語を学びたい（です）ので、日本語の学校に行きます。 
      <ため>日本語を学びたいため、日本語の学校に行きます。

1, I want to live in Japan -- I study Japanese. 
2, I don't want to go home today -- I will stay at my friend's home. 
3, I wanted to lose my weight  -- I did jogging everyday 　*to lose=減らす（へらす）  *weight=体重（たいじゅう） 
4, I want a new computer -- I save money. *to save=貯める（ためる） 
5, I wanted a free life -- I quit my company yesterday  *free=自由（じゆう） (noun adj.) *to quit=やめる *life=生活（せいかつ）

2) Causal conjunctions following noun adjectives or noun

<With noun adjectives>

Causal conjunctions such as "kara/node/tame"can follow noun adjectives  and thus form clauses which contain the cause. 
Sample sentences are as follows,

1, ここは静かですから、（私は）住みたいです。koko wa shizuka desu kara,(watashi wa) sumi-tai desu. 
2, ここは静かですので、住みたいです。koko wa shizuka desu node, sumi-tai desu. 
3, ここは静かだから、住みたいです。koko wa shizuka da kara, sumu-tai desu. 
4. ここは静かなので、住みたいです。koko wa shizuka na node, sumi-tai desu. 
5, ここは静かなため、住みたいです。koko wa shizuka na tame, sumi-tai desu. 
6, ここは静かだったから、住みたかったです。koko wa shizuka datta kara, sumi-takatta desu. 
7, ここは静かでないため、住みたくないです。koko wa shizuka denai tame, sumi-takunai desu. 

* All sentences ( except No.6 and No.7) mean " I want to live here, because it's quiet here" 
  Sentence No.6 means " I wanted to live here,because it was quiet here" 
  Sentence No.7 means " I don't want to live here, because it is not quiet here"

* "kara" can connect with both informal and formal tense forms of noun adjectives.( sentence No.1, No.3 and No.6) 
*  Formal and informal tense forms of noun adjectives can link with "node" except for "da" which is the present positive form in 
    informal tense forms of noun adjectives. "da" must be replaced by "na" in order to connect with "node"( sentence No.2 and No.4) 
*  In order to connect with "tame",informal tense forms of noun adjectives are compatible, except again that "da" has to be replaced   by "na". ( sentence No.5 and No.7) 

e.g  He is serious -- I like him 
      <から> 彼は真面目（まじめ）だから、私は彼が好きです。 
      <ので>彼は真面目（まじめ）なので、私は彼が好きです。 
      <ため>彼は真面目（まじめ）なため、、私は彼が好きです。

1, My grandfather is very well. -- He wants to work 
2, He was very industrious -- His business succeeded.  *industrious=勤勉（きんべん） (noun adj.)  *to succeed=成功（せいこう）する 
3, The fish was not fresh --I had a stomach ache. *to have a stomach ache=おなかがいたい 
4, I like cameras very much -- I have many cameras 
5, I am good at cooking -- I want to be a cook.　 *cook=コック

<With noun followed by copular verb>

Sample sentences are as follows

1, この本は日本語（ですからor だから）、読むことができません。kono hon wa nihongo desu kara (da kara), yomu koto ga dekimasen. 
2, こ の本は日本語（で すのでor なので）、読むことができません。kono hon wa nihongo desu node (na node), yomu koto ga dekimasen. 
3, こ の本は日本語の ため、読むことができません。kono hon wa nihongo no tame, yomu koto ga dekimasen. 

*All sentences mean " Because this book is ( in ) Japanese, I can't read it"

Exercise 4 Please combine the two clauses using "から","ので" and "ため", as in the example.

e.g This is a very difficult question. -- I can't answer it. *question=shitsumon 
    <から> これはたいへん難しい質問（しつもん）だから、答(こた)えることができません。
    <ので>これはたいへん難しい質問なので、答えることがきません。
    <ため>これはたいへん難しい質問のため、答えることができません。

1, My native language is English -- It is easy to speak English. *native language=母国語（ぼこくご） 
2, This is a very interesting movie -- Let's go to see it (this movie). 
3, Kyoto is a very beautiful city. -- I visited here(Kyoto) again. *city=町（まち） 
4, What you are doing is not an important job -- You may finish it tomorrow.  * to finish A =A を　おえる 
5, It was not good weather yesterday -- I could not go to the beach.

3) Causal conjunctions following verbs

< "kara" and "node" following verbs>

Sample sentences using "kara" and "node"are as follows.

友だちが来ますから、 私の部屋をそうじします。Tomodachi ga kimasu kara, watashi no heya o souji-shimasu. 
友だちが来ますので、私の部屋をそうじします。Tomodachi ga kimasu node, watashi no heya o souji-shimasu. 

* Both sentences mean "As my friend is coming, I will clean my room".

<Grammatical notes> 
* "kara","node" is suitable to connect with all forms of masu-form (masu,masen, mashita, masendeshita)

< "tame" following verbs　>

Unlike "kara" and "node", "tame" can not connect with the formal "masu-form" of verbs. 
"tame" can connect only with the plain(informal) form of verbs. ( as we have seen above for adjectives.) 
To illustrate how to connect with verbs , let's see sample sentences.

1,雨（あめ）が降 るため、傘（かさ）を持っています。Ame ga furu tame, kasa o motte-imasu. ( As it's going to rain, I am taking an umbrella.) 
2,雨が降らないため、空気（くうき）が乾燥（かんそう）しています。Ame ga fura-nai tame, kuuki ga kansou shite-imasu.(The air is dry because it is not raining) 
3,雨が降ったため、夜（よる）が涼（すず）しくなりました。Ame ga futta tame, yoru wa suzushi-ku narimashita. (Because it has been raining, the night has become cool) 
4,雨が降らなかったため、今日は暑いです。Ame ga fura-nakatta tame, kyou wa atsui desu.(As it has not rained, it's  hot today.)

* The above plain forms of verbs can connect not only with "tame",but also with "kara" or "node" 
* In causal expressions using verbs in the causal clause, if the subject of the causal clause is different 
  from the   subject of the main clause, the subject in the causal clause is followed by the particle "ga"

e.g  Watashi wa atarashii hon o katta node , watashi wa sore o yomimashita. 
     ( the subject in both the main clause and the causal clause is " watashi") 
    Tsuma ga atarashii hon o katta  node, watashi wa sore o yomimashita. 
     ( the subject in main clause is "watashi",  the subject of the causal clause is "tsuma ")

Exercise 5 Please combine 2 clauses using "から","ので"and "ため",as in the example.

e.g  He went to abroad -- I am sad   *abroad =gaikoku, *sad =kanashii 
      <から> 彼が外国（がいこく）に行ったから、私はかなしいです。 
      <ので>彼が外国に行ったので、私はかなしいです。 
      <ため>彼が外国に行ったため、私はかなしいです。

1, I didn't sleep last night -- I am sleepy today.  *sleepy=眠い（ねむい） 
2, I understand Japanese very well -- I want to work at Japanese company. 
3, My son caught a cold  --I lam looking after him. *to catch a cold=かぜをひく *to look after A=A を　かんごする 
4, He walked all day long yesterday- He feels pains in his legs.  *all day long=終日（しゅうじつ）  *leg=足（あし） 
5, My friend will call me -- I will stay at home. * to call A= A にでんわをする 
   

B, Interrogative "なぜ" and "どうして"(why/how come?)

Interrogatives used to ask for reasons or causes are "naze" and "doushite".

Let's see this conversation as an example: ( Please click HERE to hear the conversation below.)

Q, な ぜ（orどうして）、あなたは学校をきのう休みましたか。Naze (doushite) anata wa gakkou o kinou yasumi-mashita ka.* yasumu= to be absent 。 
     ( Why were you absent from school yesterday ? ) 

A, （私 は）かぜをひきましたので（から）、（学校を）休みました。 (watashi wa)　kaze o hikimashita node/kara, ( gakkou o) yasumimashita. 　 　
     ( Because I caught a cold, I was absent from school )

* The position of "naze"or "doushite"in a sentence is flexible. 
    e.g  In the sentence:  (1) anata wa (2) gakkoo o (3) kinou (4) yasumi-mashitaka. 
   "naze"or doushite" can be placed in any one of the positions  (1) to (4). 
*  The shorter way to state reasons is to use "kara desu"at the end of sentence. 
    For example, the above sentence " kaze o hikimashita node/kara,  yasumimashita" can be shortened into 
   "kaze o hiita kara desu."( Because, I caught a cold.) 
    Please note that the form of verbals ( verbs, adjectives) immediately before "kara desu" should be plain(informal) forms.

Exercise 6 Please make sentences to ask "why"  and give appropriate answers as in the example .

e.g I can't answer this question because it is very difficult. 
     (Why) なぜ、あなたはこの質問に答えることができませんか。 
     (Because) この質問はたいへん難しいからです。

     I don't have any money now because I spent all of my money yesterday.*money=お金＝okane  *to spend=使う＝tsukau *all=全部＝zenbu 
     (Why) なぜ、あなたはお金（かね）を持っていませんか。 
     (Because) きのう、お金をぜんぶ使ったからです。 
  
1 I  am hurrying to his home because he is waiting for me. 
   ( Why) 
   (Because)

2, I sold my old car because I want to buy a new car 
   ( why) 
   (Because)

3, I am happy because I got a letter from my friend.  *to get=もらう  *letter=手紙（てがみ） 
   (why) 
   (Because)

4, I want to go to Japan because I like Japanese arts. *art=美術（びじゅつ） 
   (why) 
   (Because)

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