<Lesson 24>

The topic of this lesson is the use of indefinite pronouns and adverbs such as "nani-ka, nan-demo, nami-mo".
Also, you will learn basic expressions using "morau"(to get) and "ageru"(to give).

A, Indefinite expressions using interrogatives(nani/dare/itsu/doko/ikutsu etc)

When interrogatives (e,g nani,doko, dare etc) are followed by suffixes such as "ka","mo"and "demo", they assume an indefinite meanings.
Here we will learn how to use them in this way.

1) Interrogatives + "ka"

By placing "ka" immediately after any interrogative, the latter becomes indefinite in meaning,  as in the function of the prefix "some"(e.g  "some time","somewhere") in English.

This is illustrated by the following: ( Please click HERE to hear examples.)

*nani(what)=>nani-ka(something) 
  e.g 何かください。 ( Please give me something)

*itsu(when)=>itsu-ka(some day or some time) 
  e.g　いつか来てください。( Please come someday)

*doko(where)=>doko-ka(somewhere) 
  e.g どこか行きましょう。( Let's go somewhere)

*dare(who)=>dare-ka(someone) 
  e.g 誰かが来ました。( someone has come)

*ikutsu(how many)=>ikutsu-ka(some) 
  e.g 幾つかください。 ( Please give me some)

*ikura(how much)=>ikura-ka(some) 
  e.g　幾らか飲んでください。 ( Please drink some)

*dochira(which one)=>dochira-ka( either one) 
  e.g どちらかください。 ( Please give me either one)

*dore(which one)=>dore-ka(any one) 
  e.g どれかください。( Please give me any one of them)

*dou(how)=>dou-ka(somehow or some way) 
  e.g どうか助けてください。 (  Please help me in some way ) 
  

<Grammatical notes> 
* "ikutsu-ka" is used  for items, In contrast, "ikura-ka"is used for quantity 
* "dochira-ka"is used for one of 2 choices. In contrast, "dore-ka" is used for more than 3 choices. 
* "dou-ka" is used when you ask a favor of someone in earnest. 
* The sentence using "interrogative +ka" is  positive.

Exercise 1, Please insert proper "interrogative+ka" form in each sentence. 
  
1, (      ) へ旅行（りょこう）しましょう。 *旅行=trip 
2, (      ) があなたを見ています。 
3, (      ) を選（えら）びましょうか。*選ぶ=to choose 
4, (      ) いっしょに行きましょう。*いっしょに=together 
5, (      ) お金を貸（か）してください。 *お金=money, *貸す=to lend 
6, (      ) りんごを食べてもいいですか。 *りんご=apple 
7, (      ) 私を許（ゆる）してください。*許す=to permit 
8, (      ) 父にプレゼントをあげましょう。 *プレゼント=present, *あげる=to give 
  
2) Interrogatives with "mo"

Interrogatives with "mo" are used in two ways: 
One group can form only negative sentences while the other group can make both  positive and negative sentences.

<Negative sentences only> "nanimo","daremo" 
nani=>nani-mo(not anything, nothing) e.g 　私は何も要りません。 (I don't need anything). 
dare=>dare-mo(not anyone, no one, nobody)  e.g 誰も来ません。. (Nobody has come)

* With "dare-mo" a particle such as "ni","to","kara" etc. is often placed between "dare" and "mo", 
  e.g "dare/to/mo"-- watashi wa daretomo aimasen-deshita. ( I didn't meet with anybody) 
       "dare/ni/mo"--kono hanashi o darenimo hanashimasen. ( I don't tell this story to anybody) 
  
<Forming both positive and negative sentences>

*doko=>doko-mo(anywhere) --or "doko(ni)mo""doko(kara)mo""doko(e)mo etc. 
<positive>  値段（ねだん）はどこもおなじです。 ( The price is the same anywhere) 
<negative> 値段はどこもおなじではありません。( The price isn't the same anywhere) 
<negative> ここはどこからも入れません。 ( This place can't enter from anywhere.)

*ikutsu=>ikutsu-mo(quite few or <not>-so many) 
<positive> ここは時計がいくつもあります。 ( There are quite few watches here) 
<negative>ここは時計がいくつもありません。 ( There are not  so many watches here)

*ikura=>ikura-mo(quite a bit or <not>-so much) 
<positive>私は水をいくらも飲みました。( I drank quite a bit of water) 
<negative>私は水をいくらも飲みませんでした。  ( I didn't drink  much water)

*dochira=>dochira-mo(both or <not>-either one) 
<positive>これらの本はどちらも便利です。.( These books are both convenient.) 
<negative>これらの本はどちらも便利ではないです。( Neither of these books is convenient.)

*dore=>dore-mo(any one or <not>-any one)--or "dore(ni)mo""dore(kara)mo"etc. 
<positive>この店はどれも安いです。 ( As for this shop, everything <sold in it> is cheap ) 
<negative>この店はどれも安くないです。(As for this shop, nothing <sold in it> isn't cheap)

*doushite=>doushite-mo(by all means or by no means) 
<positive> 私はどうしても今、家に帰ります。 ( I will go home now no matter what) 
<negative>私はどうしても今、家に帰りません。( I won't go home come what may)

*dou=>dou-mo(very,really or <not>-by any way) 
<positive> どうもありがとう。(Thank you very much)　どうもすみません。( I am so sorry) 
<negative>私はどうも眠ることができません。( I can't sleep at all)

* "itsu-mo" means "always" in both positive and negative sentences.

Exercise 2 Please make complete sentence,paying attention to tense(present or past). as in the example.

e.g <昨日（きのう）> nani-mo <食べる> *昨日=yesterday 
     (negative) 昨日はなにも食べませんでした。

1, <わたし> nani-mo <話す> 
    (negative)

2, <今日（きょう）> ikura-mo <売る（うる）> 
    (negative)

3, <昨日> dare-ni-mo <電話（でんわ）をする>  *denwa o suru=to call 
    (negative)

4, <この道（みち）> dochira-kara-mo <行くことができる> 
    (positive) 
    (negative)

5, <この家> doko-mo < きれい> *きれい=beautiful 
    (positive)

6, <あの店> itsu-mo < 混（こ）んでいる> *混む=to be crowded 
    (positive)

7, <明日（あした）の旅行（りょこう）> dooshite-mo <行く> 
    (positive) 
    (negative)

8, < 昨日の試験（しけん）> dou-mo <わかる>*試験=test *わかる=to understand 
    (negative) 
  
3) Interrogatives with "demo"

This combination usually makes positive sentences with the meaning:  "-ever it may be "

*nani=>nan-demo <whatever it may be or anything> 
 e,g  何でも食べてください。 (Please eat whatever you like)

*dare=>dare-demo<whoever it may be> or "dare(to)demo","dare(ni)demo" 
 e.g  誰でもここに入ることができます。(Whoever it may be<anyone> can enter here) 
 e.g   彼は誰とでも話せます。 (He speaks with whoever it may be)

*itsu=>itsu-demo<whenever it may be or any time> 
 e.g  いつでもまた来てください。(Please come again whenever you like)

*doko=>doko-demo<wherever it may be or anywhere> or "doko(ni)demo","doko(kara)demo"etc. 
 e.g  これはどこでも買うことができます。 (You can buy this anywhere.) 
 e.g  どこにでも行ってもいいです。 (You may go to any place you want)

*ikutsu=>ikutsu-demo<no matter how many or any number of> 
 e.g  いくつでも取って食べてください。(Please take<help yourself> and eat as much as you like)

*ikura=>ikura-demo<no matter how much> 
 e.g いくらでも飲んでください。(Please drink as much as you like)

*dochira=>dochira-demo<whichever you like> 
 e.g どちら（から）でも入ることができます。 ( You can enter from whichever you like) 
 * "dochira-demo"is "whichever you like of two objects."

*dore=>dore-demo<whichever you like> 
 e.g どれでも選んでください。( Please choose whichever you like) 
 * "dore-demo" is "whichever you like from among three or more objects. "

*doushite=>doushite-demo<by what ever means  or however> 
  e.g　私はどうしてでも旅行に行きたいです。.( I want to go on the trip by any means possible. )

*dou=>dou-demo<no matter how it may be> 
  e.g  どうでも料理して食べてください。( Please cook however you like and eat )

Exercise 3 Please translate the following sentences into Japanese using "interrogative+ demo"

1, Please come to see me again whenever you like. *to see (person) = (person) にあう 
2, Please sit down anywhere you like. 
3, You can use anything you like for cooking. *to use=使う（つかう）, *for=のために 
4, Whoever it may be can come to the festival. * festival=祭り（まつり） 
5, Please take whichever one you like of these 4 apples. 
6, You may drink any amount of this water. 
7, Please finish this job by all possible means. *to finish A =A をおえる 
8, Can you make friends with whoever it may be? * to make friends with (person)=(person) と　親（した）しくなる 
 

B, Basic expressions with "ageru" and "morau"( to give and get )

1) "ageru"(to give)  < A wa B( objec t) o C( person ) ni ageru( agemasu ) >

"ageru" means "to give (something)". There are several  words in Japanese meaning "to give". 
In Japanese conversation, the person(A) who gives something has to use the "giving"verb, and this depends on  the relative status 
of the recipient (C) (e,g whether he is a  superior person or a child ). The word "ageru" is the most common and colloquial of these 
"giving"verbs.

 <examples > 
* 私は時計を父にあげました。( I gave a watch to my father.) 
* 田中さんは花を安田さんにあげました。.( Mr. Tanaka gave flowers to Miss. Yasuda )

 < Grammatical notes > 
* If the recipient(C) is  socially of higher status or more worthy than the giver, one should use "sashi-ageru" and not  "ageru". 
* With "ageru"_expression, the recipient(C) can not be "me"(watashi) . 
   If the recipient is me (watashi), the verb "kureru" is the proper one to use instead of "ageru" 
    e.g  Tanaka-san wa watashi ni hana o kuremashita. ( Mr.Tanaka gave me flowers.) 
  
2) "morau"( to get,receive)  <A wa B( object ) o C( person ) ni/kara morau( moraimasu )>

"morau" means "to get, receive ".There are several verbs to express "to get (something)". The word "morau"is the verb most 
 commonly and colloquially used to express "to get", unless the donor (C) from whom one receives is of socially higher status.

  <examples> 
* 私は新しいカメラを父からもらいました。 ( I got a new camera from my father.) 
* 母は父にプレゼントをもらいました。 ( My mother got a present from my father)

Exercise 4 Please make proper Japanese sentences, paying attention to tense , as in the example.

e.g ( I ) ( from my teacher) ( home-work ) ( received ) 
     => watashi wa  sensei kara shukudai o morai-mashita. 私は先生から宿題をもらいました。

e.g ( teacher) ( students ) ( home-work ) ( gave ) 
     => sensei wa gakusei ni shukudai o age-mashita. 先生は学生に宿題をあげました。

1, ( I ) ( from my friend ) ( a new dress ) ( received ) 
2, ( I ) (to my mother ) ( birthday present ) ( gave ) 
3, ( Mr. Tanaka ) ( to his wife ) ( beautiful flowers ) ( give ) 
4, ( Mrs. Tanaka ) ( from her husband ) ( beautiful flowers ) ( receive )*husband=夫（おっと） 
5, ( Children ) ( from Mr, Ueda ) ( nothing ) ( received-negative ) 
6, ( Mr, Ueda ) ( to children ) ( nothing ) ( gave-negative ) 
7, ( My father ) ( to me ) ( a useful book ) ( gave )

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