<Lesson-25>

In this lesson, you will learn informal tense forms of verbs and some expressions 
using  informal tense forms of verbs such as "-deshou", "-kamoshiremasen", "tsumori desu" and "hazu desu"

A, Informal tenses forms of verbs

In lesson-19, you have learned the informal tenses forms of adjectives and of the copular verb "desu". 
I shall now show you the informal tense forms of verbs which don't use "-masu"form. The informal forms are 
more colloquial than the "masu" form and very common in  daily conversation.

 Examples of informal tense forms of verbs < kau(to buy), miru(to see),suru(to do)>

 * future forms are the same as present forms.

<Brief notes>

*Informal tense forms can be made easily from the four fundamental patterns of verbs 
 present positive = the same as the dictionary form. 
 e.g  kau, nomu(to drink), iku(to go), 
 present negative = the same as the negative root. 
 e.g  kawanai, nomanai, ikanai 
 past positive = replace the final "-e" in the participle(te-form) with "a". 
 e.g  katte=>katta, nonde=>nonda, itte=>itta 
 past negative = replace the final "-nai"in the negative root with "nakatta" 
 e.g kawa-nai=>kawa-nakatta, noma-nai=>noma-nakatta, ika-nai=>ika-nakatta

*In actual conversation, the sentence final particles( which you have learnedlesson-19) may be added 
immediately after the informal tense forms of verbs.

<examples> 
( formal ) Itsu nihon ni kimashita ka ? いつ日本に来ましたか。 
( informal ) Itsu nihon ni kita no?　いつ日本に来たの。 
  
( formal ) Kinou wain o nomimashita.　きのうワインを飲みました。 
( informal ) Kinou wain o nonda yo(for men)　きのうワインを飲んだよ。/wa(for women)　きのうワインを飲んだわ。

Exercise 1, Please write informal tense forms of the following verbs.

e.g suwaru　座る (to sit down)=> suwaru　座る, suwaranai　座らない, suwatta　座った, suwaranakatta　座らなかった

1, iu 言う(to say)  2, taberu 食べる(to eat)  3, kaeru 帰る(to come back)  4, kaku 書く(to write)  5, hanasu 話す(to speak) 
6, yobu 呼ぶ(to call)  7, kuru 来る(to come)  8, motsu 持つ(to have)  9, sawaru 触る(to touch)  10, iru 居る( to exist)

Exercise 2, Please render the following  formal conversations into informal conversation 
using informal tense forms of verbs and adjectives as in the example.

e.g 
Q, あなたは絵を描くことがすきですか。anata wa e o kaku koto ga suki desu ka?　< Do you like to draw pictures ?> 
    =>あなたは絵を描くことがすきなの。  anata wa e o kaku koto ga suki na no?

A, はい、私は絵を毎日描きます　hai, watashi wa e o mainichi kakimasu. 。<Yes, I draw pictures everyday.> 
   =>(answer by man) ええ、私は絵を毎日描くよ。　ee, watashi wa e o mainichi kaku yo.  
   =>(answer by woman)　ええ、私は絵を毎日描くわ（＋よ）。  ee, watashi wa e o mainichi kaku wa (+yo).

1, Q,あなたのご両親は、今、どこに住んでいますか。 anata no go-ryoushin wa ima doko ni imasu ka? <Where are your parents now? > 
   A, 両親は、今、近所に住んでいます。ryoushin wa ima kinjo ni sunde-imasu. <My parents live in my neighborhood.> 
       (answer by man)=>

2, Q, あなたはすもうを見たことがありますか。anata wa sumou o mita koto ga arimasu ka ? <Have you ever seen sumou? > 
    A, はい、あります。hai, arimasu.  <Yes, I have.> 
       (answer by woman)=>

3, Q, あなたは、毎日、部屋を掃除しますか。anata wa mainichi heya o souji-shimasu ka ? < Do you clean your rooms everyday? > 
    A, いいえ、毎日（は）掃除をしません。iie, mainichi (wa) souji o shimasen. < No, I don't clean everyday. > 
        (answer by woman)=>

4, Q, あなたはテニスが上手ですか。anata wa tenisu ga joozu desu ka? < Are you good at tennis? > 
    A, いいえ、テニスはぜんぜん出来ません。iie, tenisu wa zenzen dekimasen.  < I can't play tennis at all. > 
       ( answer by man)=>

5, Q, 日本語は難しい言葉ですか。nihongo wa muzukashii kotoba desu ka? < Is Japanese language difficult language? > 
    A, はい、でも、日本に来てから、五ヵ月で話しました。hai, demo, nihon ni kite-kara, go-kagetsu de hanashimashita. 
        < Yes, but, I spoke Japanese 5 months after coming to Japan> 
        ( answer by woman) =>

B, Expressions using informal tense forms of verbs

The informal tense forms of verbs are followed by various adjuncts to make various kinds of expressions. 
In this lesson, we will learn some important expressions with the adjuncts such as "deshou","kamoshiremasen", "tsumoridesu" and "hazu desu".

1) Informal tense forms of verb + "-deshou" or "-daroo"

We have learned expressions using "deshou" with adjectives or nouns  in lesson-21. 
"deshou"is supposition form of copular verb "desu".
By adding "deshou"after informal tense form of the verb, the sentence conveys  guessing or probability with hesitation on the part of the speaker.

Let's see sample sentences

明日は雨が降るでしょ う。 ashita wa ame ga furu deshou. ( I suppose it will be rain tomorrow.) 

明日は雨が降らないでしょ う。 ashita wa ame ga fura-nai deshou.　( I suppose it won't rain tomorrow.) 

* "deshou" denotes probability in the future, when placed after the informal present tense form of "furu"

彼は昨日手紙を書いたでしょ う。 kare wa kinou tegami o kaita deshou.( I guess he wrote letters yesterday.) 

* "deshou" denotes guessing  about the past , when placed after the informal past tense form of "kaku" 

この本が安かったら、買ったで しょう。 kono hon ga yasu-kattara, katta deshou.　( If this book was cheap, I might have bought it.) 

この本が安くなかった ら、買わなかったでしょう。 kono hon ga yasu-kunakattara, kawa-nakatta deshou. 　( If this book wasn't cheap, I wouldn't have bought it.) 

* "deshou" denotes probability/supposition in the past, when placed after informal past tense form of "kau"

Exercise 3 Please translate the following sentences using "deshou"

1, I suppose he doesn't eat meat.  *meat=肉（にく） 
2, I guess there will be a test of Kanji tomorrow. 
3, I guess you didn't sleep at all last night.  *last night=昨夜（さくや） 
4, If your house was close, I would have met with you. *close=近い（ちかい） 
5, If this garment  was not colorful, I would have worn it. *garment=服（ふく） *colorful=はで (noun adj.)

2) Informal tense form of verb + "-kamo shiremasen"(probability adjunct)

"kamoshiremasen" which means "may/might " is another adjunct to denote probability. 
 You can put this word immediately after the informal tense form of verb to make a sentence.

<examples> ( Please click  Here to hear there sentences.)

私は明日旅行に行くかもしれません。 watashi wa ashita ryokou ni iku kamo-shiremasen.( I may go on a trip tomorrow) 

私は明日学校に行かないかもしれません。 watashi wa ashita gakkoo ni ikanai kamo-shiremasen. ( I may not to go to school tomorrow) 

あと十分で、私は彼と会ったかもしれません。 ato juppun de, watashi wa kare to atta kamo-shiremasen. ( I might have seen him in ten minutes.) 

雨だったら、ここに来なかったかもしれません。ame datta ra , koko ni ko-nakatta kamo-shiremasen.( If it was rain, I might not have come here.) 

3) Informal tense form of verb + "-tsumori desu" (intention adjunct)

"tsumori desu" means " intend to do something". 
Putting this word immediately after the informal tense form of verb, expresses the plan or intention to do something. Preferably, 
Informal present tense forms ( rather than the past tense forms) are used with this word because it naturally refers to the future.

<examples> ( Please click Here to hear there sentences.)

私は今夜のパーティーに行くつもり です。watashi wa konya no paatii ni iku tsumori desu.( I intend to go to the party tonight.) 
 
私は明日何も食べないつもりで す。 watashi wa ashita nanimo tabenai tsumori desu.( I plan not to eat anything tomorrow.) 

* "yotei"(plan) can be used  instead of "tsumori"(intention)  But, "tsumori" implies stronger intention than "yotei"

Exercise 4 , Please translate the following sentences into Japanese 
using "tumori desu"(intention) and "kamoshiremasen"(probably)

1, I will resign my job next year. *to resign=辞める（やめる） *next year=来年（らいねん） 
   ( intention) 
   ( probably)

2, I will cook Japanese food tonight. 
   ( intention) 
   ( probably)

3, I won't sell him my car. 
   ( intention) 
    (probably)

4, I won't give him anything. 
   ( intention) 
   ( probably)

4) Informal tense form of verb + "-hazu desu" ( Expectation adjunct )

"hazu desu" means "to be (strongly) expected to do something"or " ought to do --" which implies the speaker's expectation. 
Any informal tense forms of verbs are possible to connect with this word.

<examples> 
私の子どもは今、家にいるはずで す。watashi no kodomo wa ima uchi ni iru hazu desu.( My child should be at home now) 

彼は学校に今日来ないはずで す。 kare wa gakkoo ni kyoo konai hazu desu.( He is expected not to come to school today/I expect he won't come to school today) 

彼女の仕事はもう終わったはずで す。 kanojo no shigoto wa mou owatta hazu desu.( Her job ought already to be finished ) *mou=already 

彼は私の秘密を知らなかったはずで す。kare wa watashi no himitsu o shira-nakatta hazu da.( He ought not to have known my secret.) *himitsu=secret 

Exercise 5 Please translate the following sentences into Japanese using "hazu desu"

e.g You should know this story because this story is famous . 
     =>kono hanashi wa yuumei da( or desu ) kara, anata wa shitte-iru hazu desu. 
　　　この話は有名だ（です）から、あなたは知っているはずです。

1, I expect my friend will come to my home tonight.*tonight=今夜（こんや） 
2, I expect he doesn't eat this food 
3, You must have already seen this interesting movie. 
4, She should arrive here at 5 o'clock  because she left her home at 4 o'clock. *to left home=家をでる *to arrive=着く（つく） 
5, He ought to read this Japanese letter because he is studying Japanese language.

-------------------------------------------------------end of lesson-25--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------