<Lesson 28>
In this lesson, you will learn the passive form of verbs and the relationship between transitive and intransitive verbs.
A, Passive form of verbs < --reru/rareru>
1.Formation of the passive.
Obtaining
the passive form of Japanese verbs is similar to formation of
the potential forms as learned in the previous lesson.
Here is the formation of the passive:
< Group-1verbs> *Replace the final "nai" of the negative root with "reru"
<Examples>
売る uru
(to sell) => ura-nai (the
negative root of "uru") =&
gt;売られる ura-reru
話す hanasu (to speak) => hanasa-nai =>
話される hanasa-reru
書く kaku (to write) => kaka-nai =>
書かれる kaka-reru
読む yomu (to read ) => yoma-nai =>
読まれる yoma-reru
知る shiru (to know) => shira-nai =>
知られる shira-reru
<Group-2 verbs> *Replace the final"nai"of the negative root with"rareru"
<Examples>
見る miru
(to see) => mi-nai
(the negative root of "miru")=>見られる mi-rareru
着る kiru (to wear)=>ki-nai(the negative root of
"kiru")=> 着られる ki-rareru
食べる taberu (to eat)=>tabe-nai =>食べられる
tabe-rareru
助ける tasukeru (to help)=>tasuke-nai =>助けられる
tasuke- rareru
<Irregular verbs "kuru" and "suru">
来る kuru
(to come)=>来られる ko-rareru
する suru (to do)=>させる sa-reru
*Passive "-reru" form has the four fundamental inflection patterns of A TYPICAL GROUP 2 VERB,
<Examples>
urareru-uraremasu-urarenai-
hanasareru-hanasaremasu-
mirareru-miraremasu-mirarenai-
sareru-saremasu-sarenai-sarete （される、されます、されない、さ
れて）
Exercise 1, Please make the four fundametnal inflection patterns of passive forms of the following verbs.
e.g akeru(to open)=>あけられる, あけられます, あけられない, あけられて
1,
雇う_yatou (to hire)
2, 建てる_tateru (to build)
3, 笑う_warau (to laugh)
4, 愛す_aisu (to love)
5, 使う_tsukau (to use)
6, 見せる_miseru (to show)
7, 聞く_kiku (to hear)
8, 作る_tsukuru (to make)
9, 産む_umu (to bear<a baby>)
10.選ぶ_erabu(to choose)
* "建てる"and "見せる"belong to group-2
2, Passive sentences
Now let's
examine passive sentences and compare the active voice and
passive voice.
There are 3 kinds of passive sentences, WHICH WE COMPARE TO
THE CORRESPONDING
ACTIVE SENTENCES, as follows:
<TYPE
1> Corresponding to the active sentence: A wa/ga B o
tV
we have the passive sentence : B wa/ga A ni
tV-rareru
*tV=transitive verb, *B=direct object of tV , becoming the
subject of the passive sentence
*A=agent in the passive sentence, being the subject of
the active sentence.
<Example> ( Please click HERE to hear these sentences below.)
(active
voice) watashi wa kare o tasukemashita 私は彼を助けました。
<I helped him> *tasukeru=to help
(passive form) kare
wa watashi ni tasuke-rare-mashita. 彼は私に助けられました。
<He was helped by me>
<Grammatical
notes>
*The direct object(B) of transitive verb can become the
subject of the passive sentence.
*The agent (A) in the passive sentence is followed by the
particle "ni" or "ni yotte"(by)
*The subject(B) in the passive sentence can be either animate
and inanimate.
Exercise 2, Please change the following active sentences into passive forms.
e.g
chichi ga kono kaisha o tsukuri-mashita. 父がこの会社を作りました。
(passive) kono kaisha wa chichi
ni tsuku-raremashita. この会社は父に作られました。
1, haha wa
watashi o sodatemashita *sodateru=to bring up
(passive)
2,
tanaka-san ga kono heya no souji o shimashita. *heya=room,
*souji=clearning
(passive)
3,
watashi-tachi wa sakana o ryouri-shite, tabemashita.
*sakana=fish, *ryouri-suru=to cook
(passive)
4, kono
hito-tachi ga ano iseki o mitsukemashita. *iseki=historic
site，*mitsukeru=to find
(passive)
5, sensei
wa gakusei-tachi o homemashita. *homeru=to praise
(passive)
<TYPE
2> Corresponding to the active sentence: A wa B ni C
o tV
we have the passive sentence: B wa A ni C o
tV-rareru
*tV=transitive verb, *C=direct object of tV. *B= indirect
object of tV becoming the subject of the
passive sentence.
*A=agent in a passive sentence, being the subject of the
active sentence.
<
Example> ( Please click HERE to hear these
sentences below.)
(active
voice) watashi wa kare ni utsukushii e o mise-mashita 私は彼に美しい絵を見せました。
< I showed him a beautiful picture>
(passive form) kare wa watashi ni utsukushii e o
mise-raremashita.彼 は私に美しい絵を見せられました。
<He was shown a beautiful pictute by me >
<Grammatical
notes>
* An indirect object (B) as well as a direct object (C) of
transitive verb can become the subject ,which
is generally animate, of the passive sentence.
*The agent (A) in the passive sentence is followed by the
particle "ni" or "ni yotte"(by)
*These expressions are often used when the subject (B)
of the passive sentence
suffers from the action done by the agent(A).( B is the
victim of A's action.)
Exercise 3, Please insert the correct Japanese words into the brackets according to the English sentences.
e.g I
was annoyed by my father shutting the door. *to shut=閉める,
*door=ドア
( 私 ) は ( 父) に ( ドア ) を (
閉められました)。
1, I was
annoyed by him taking photos of me.
(
) は (
)
に ( )
を (
  ; ) 。
2, I was annoyed by Taro hearing my secret. *secret=秘密（ひみつ）
(
) は ( )
に ( ) を
(
) 。
3, The shop was decorated by us with beautiful flowers . *to
decorate=飾る（かざる）
(
) は ( )
に ( )
を (
  ; ) 。
4, He was asked by a child how to play the game *to
ask=尋ねる, *how to play=しかた, *game=ゲーム
(
) は (
)
に (
) を
(
&nb sp; ) 。
5, I was embarrassed by my mother cutting my hair. *hair=髪（かみ）
(
) は ( )
に ( ) を
(
) 。
<TYPE
3> Corresponding to the active sentence: A wa/ga itV
we have the passive sentence: B wa/ga A ni
itV-rareru
*itV=intransitive verb *A= agent in the passive
sentence, being the subject of the active sentence
*B= subject in the passive sentence
<
Example> ( Please click HERE to hear these
sentences below.)
(active
voice) watashi no akachan ga nakimashita. 私の赤ちゃんが泣きました。
<My baby cried >*akachan=baby, *naku=to cry
(passive form) watashi wa (watashi no)akachan ni
naka-remashita 私
は（私の）赤ちゃんに泣かれました。
<literally: I was cried by my baby. Actual translation: I
suffered from my baby's crying.>
<Grammatical
notes>
*Unlike in English, intransitive verbs can be used in the
passive.
In this case, the subject(A) of the intransitive verb is
followed by the particle"ni"in the passive sentence.
*These expressions are often used when someone is adversely
affected by an action.
In this case,the subject (B) of the passive verb<the so
called "sufferer">and the subject (A)
of the intransive verb <so called "assailant">must be
human or at least animate.
Exercise 4
Please change each active sentence into Japanese and change to
passive form, filling in the bracket,
as in the example.
e.g
My child cried because of a stomachache.=>私のこどもはふくつうのため、
<passive> 私は (
私のこどもにふくつうのため、泣かれました。)
*stomachache=fukutsuu
1, A bee
bit
suddenly.=>(
)
<passive> 私は
(
)
*bee＝蜂（はち） *to bite=刺す（さす）
*suddenly=突然（とつぜん）
2, A big
man sat in front of
me.=>(
)
<passive> 私は
(
)
3, Mr. Yamada came to the house of Mr.
Kato.=>(
)
<passive>
加藤さんは
(
)
4, A robber
entered into my friend's
house.=>(
)
<passive> 私のともだちは
(
)
* robber=泥棒（どろぼう）
B, Intransitive and transitive verbs
First, please read the next two sentences as a sample.
(1)To
ga aku ( The door open.)--basic formula " A ga itV "
(2) Haha ga to o akeru. ( My mother opens the door) -basic
formula"B ga A o tV."
The
sentence(1) is the intransitive _expression using the
intransitive verb "aku"(to open) which doesn't take a object.
And the sentence(2) is a transitive _expression using the
transitive verb "akeru"(to open) which takes the object
"to"(door)
followed by by the particle "o".
In Japanese
verbs, there are many transitive/intransitive pairs like the
above "aku<=>akeru".
Here I show you the examples of combinations between
transitive and intransitive verbs.
OKIRU 起き
る <=> OKOSU 起こす(to wake up)
e.g kare wa okimashita.( He waked up.) <==>watashi
wa kare o okoshimashita ( I waked up him.) =>
HERU 減る<=> HERASU 減らす(to decrease)
e.g taijuu ga herimasu ( My weight will decrease.)
<==> watashi wa taijuu o herashimasu ( I will decrease
my weight,)
HAJIMARU 始まる<=> HAJIMERU 始める(to start)
e.g watashi wa shigoto o hajimemashita. ( I started my
work) => shigoto ga hajimarimashita. ( the work has
started.)
TOBU 飛ぶ<=> TOBASU 飛ばす( to fly)
e.g hikouki ga tobu ( The plane flies) =>
watashi wa watashi no hikouki o tobasu ( I fly my plane.)
NARU 鳴る<=> NARASU 鳴らす(to ring, sound)
e.g kane ga narimashita ( a bell
rang.) => watashi wa kane o narashimashita ( I rang a bell)
Exercise 5. Please translate the following sentences into Japanese, choosing the appropriate verb from the pair given in brackets.
e.g ( shimaru) & ( shimeru)=to close
< shimaru=intransitive verb, shimeru=transitive verb>
I will close
the door soon => watashi wa sugu-ni doa o shimemasu. 私はすぐにドアを閉めます。
The door will
close soon. => doa wa sugu-ni shimarimasu. ドアはすぐに閉まります。
1, ( tomeru 止める)
&( tomaru 止まる)=to stop< tomeru=transitive verb,
tomaru=intransitive verb>
His car stopped in front of my home.
I stopped his car in front of my home.
2, ( ochiru 落ちる)
&( otosu 落とす)=to drop<ochiru=intransitive verb,
otosu=transitive verb> *wallet=saifu,
I dropped my wallet. on the floor
My wallet has dropped. on the floor
3, ( kowareru 壊れる)
& ( kowasu 壊す)=to break< kowaresu=intransitive verb,
kowasu=transitive verb>
I broke the windows of the school
The windows of the school broke.
4, (
kakureru 隠れる) & ( kakusu 隠す)=to
hide<kakureru=intransitive verb, kakusu=transitive
verb>
*moon=tsuki, *sun=taiyoo
The moon will hide the sun tomorrow..
The sun will hide himself behind the
moon tomorrow.
5, ( ugoku 動く)
& ( ugokasu 動かす)=to move< ugoku=intransitive verb,
ugokasu=transitive verb>
*toy=omocha, * battery=denchi
This toy
can move with batteries
Batteries can move this toy.