<Lesson-29>
In this lesson, you will learn the causative form of verbs and its passive form.
A, Causative form of verbs (-seru/-saseru)
The causative form denotes that the subject either makes or lets someone do something.
1 Formation of the causative verb form
*Group 1 verbs [ Replace "reru" of the passive by "seru"]
言う
iu (to
say)=>(passive) iwa-reru
言われる=>(causative) iwa-
座る
suwaru (to sit)=>(passive) suwara-reru
座られる=>(causative) s
行く
iku (to go)=>(passive) ika-reru
行かれる=>(causative) ika-
*Group 2 verbs [ Replace "rareru"of the passive by "saseru"]
食べる taberu(to
eat)=>(passive) tabe-rareru
食べられる=>(causative)
見る
miru (to
see) =>(passive)
mi-rareru
見られる=>(causative) mi-
*Irregular verbs
する
suru (to do)=>(passive) sa-reru
される=>(causative) sa-seru させる(let/make
someone do)
来る
kuru (to come) =>(passive)
ko-rareru来られる=>(causative) ko-
The causative form, like the passive form in the last lesson, is
the same as Group-2 verbs. The four fundamental
inflection
patterns ( infininitive/masu-form/
*iu=>iwa-seru/iwa-semasu/iwa-
*miru=>mi-saseru/mi-sasemasu/
*suru=>sa-seru/sa-semasu/sa-
*kuru=>ko-saseru/ko-sasemasu/
Exercise 1, Please write the four fundamental inflection
patterns of the causative forms of the following verbs as in the
example.
(Please pay attention to the difference between Group 1
and 2 verbs)
e.g 書くkaku(to
write)=>書かせる、書かせます、書かせない、書かせて
1, 作るtsukuru (to
make)
2, 帰る(kaeru to
return)
3, 乗るnoru (to get
on)
4, 話すhanasu (to
speak)
5, 飲むnomu (to
drink)
6, 考えるkangaeru (to
think)
7, 居るiru (to
stay)
8, 調べるshiraberu (to check)
2, How to make causative sentences
I will illustrate how to make causative sentences with both transitive verbs and intransitive verbs.
< Causative sentences with transitive verbs>- Coercive & Permissive causatives
Please read the following sample causative sentences with transitive verbs : ( Please click HERE to hear there sentences below.)
*Haha wa watashi ni eigo no hon o
yoma-semashita.
( My mother made
me read English books)
*Sensei wa gakusei ni
kanji o
kaka-semashita 先生は学生に漢字を書かせました。
(
The teacher made the students write kanji symbols)
The above sentences are coercive
sentences.
Basic sentence structure is "A wa/ga B
ni C o V-saseru/seru."(A compels B to do Verb V on object
C)
A is the person who compels, B is the person to be
compelled , C is the object of the transitive verb.
However, there is another type of causative sentences with the same sentence structure as follows.
* Watashi ni kono shigoto o sa-sete
kudasai 私 にこの仕事をさせてください。
(
Please let me do this job.)
* Watashi wa anata ni
ryouri o tsukura-setemo
iideuska.私はあなたに料理を作らせてもいいですか。
( May I let you make a
food ?)
The above sentences are permissive
causative sentences in which A allows B to do action
V
( thus, in a sense, causing this action.)
Exercise 2, Please translate the following sentences into Japanese.
1, My father made me wash dishes. *to wash=洗う（あらう）,
*dish=食器（しょっき）
2, My boss won't let me take long
holidays. *boss=上司（じょうし）, *holiday=休み, *to
take=とる
3, Please let me pay the money. *to
pay=払う（はらう）
4, I will let you use my car. *to
use=使う（つかう）
5, Please don't make me buy expensive
goods. *goods=商品（しょうひん）
6, I won't make you
have heavy baggage. * heavy=重い（おもい） *baggage=荷物（にもつ）
<Causative sentences with intransitive verbs>- Coercive & Permissive causatives
Please read the following sample causative sentences with intransitive verbs.
* Watashi wa anata ni kyoo koko ni
tomara-semasu. 私はあなたに今日ここに泊まらせます。
(
I will let you stay here today) *to
stay=tomaru
( Basic sentence structure =A wa
B ni Verb-saseru/seru)
* Watashi wa anata o kyoo koko
ni tomara-semasu. 私はあなたを今日ここに泊まらせます。
( I will make
you stay here today.)
( Basic sentence
structure =A wa B o Verb-saseru/seru)
The above two sentences has the same causative forms of the verb
"tomaru".
But, please note that the particle after the
personal object (B) differs in each sentence.
Thus, when the personal object (B) is followed by the
particle "ni", as in the first sentence, the meaning
is
permission, i.e.
that the subject (A) allows the person (B) to do
something.( thus, so to speak, causing him to act.)
However if the particle "o"is placed after the personal
object (B), as in the second sentence above,
the
meaning conveyed is that the subject(A) compels the
person(B) to act.
Let's practice to make causative sentences with intransitive verbs.
Exercise 3, Please translate the following sentences into japanese.
e.g I am letting you go to the shop =watashi wa anata ni
mise ni ika-semasu.
私はあなたに店に行かせます。
I am making
you to go to the shop = watashi wa anata o mise ni ika-semasu.
私はあなたを店に行かせます。
1, I will let you go home now.
2, Please
let me talk with my parents on the phone. *talk with
A=Aと話す
3, I will force you to work untill you finish
it.
4, Please don't make her cry. *to
cry=泣く（なく）
5, The teacher made him stand at the back of
the classroom. *to stand=立つ *classroom=教室（きょうしつ）
6, Her
father didn't let me marry with his daughter. *to marry with A=A と結婚（けっこん）する
*daugher=むすめ
B, Causative passive form of verbs (se-rareru / sase-rareru)
This form expresses "to be forced to do
something."
In Japanese conversation, people often use
this form in order to hide their own will.
This is
based somehow on the Japanese mentality.
1, How to make the causative passive form
Causative passive form is made by replacing the final "ru"in the causative form with "rareru"
e.g
買うkau=>
(causative)買わせるkawaseru=>(
見るmiru=>(causative)
来るkuru=>(causative)
The four fundamental inflection patterns of causative passive
forms are as follows, ( with the above verbs)
<The same
patterns as passive froms you learned in the previous lesson>
買う(kau)=>
買わせられる、買わせられます、買わせられない、買わせられて
見る(miru)=>見させられる、見させられます、
来る(kuru)=>来させられる、来させられます、
Let's practice to make the causative passive forms of verbs now.
Exercise 4, Please make the causative passive forms of
the verbs shown in the exercise-1 and write
the
four
fundamental inflection patterns of each verb.
e.g kaku 書く=>書かせられる, 書かせられます, 書かせられない, 書かせられて
1, 作るtsukuru
2, 帰るkaeru
3, 乗るnoru
4, 話すhanasu
5, 飲むnomu
6, 考えるkangaeru
7,
いるiru
8, 調べるshiraberu
<Note>
Nowadays,"-される" which
is the shortened form of "-せられる" is becoming popular in
conversation for Group 1 verbs.
e.g
"買わされるkawa-sareru"is used instead of
"買わせられるkawase-rareru".
"書かされるkaka-sareru"is used instead of "書かせられるkakase-rareru".
But, for Group-2 verbs such as "miru","taberu", the above regular forms are still in common use.
2, Causative passive sentences
We will now compare causative passive sentences with the corresponding equivalent causative sentences.
(causative) 友達は私をここで一時間待たせました。Tomodachi wa
watashi o koko de ichi-jikan
matasemashita.
< (my)
friend made me wait here for 1 hour.>
(causative
passive) 私は友達に一時間ここで待たせられました。 Watashi
wa tomodachi ni ichi-jikan koko de
matase-raremashita.
<I
was made to wait here for 1 hour by my friend.>
As you see the above sentences, causative passive sentences are
used when the speaker is forced to do something.
Please
note that the particle "ni"follows the forcing person in the causative passive
sentences.
Exercise 5, Please translate the following causative
sentences into japanese and change to
causative
passive sentences. as in the
example.
e.g My son made me buy his toy.
*toy=おもちゃ
(causative)息子は私に彼のおもちゃを買わせました。
(causative
passive)私は息子に彼のおもちゃを買わせられました。（
1, My boss forced me to work for 2 more hours. *to
work=働く（はたらく）
(causative)
(causative
passive)
2, My mother made me study mathematics hard.
*mathematics=数学（すうがく） *hard=熱心に（ねっしんに）
(causative)
(causative
passive)
3, My parents make me turn off the light before going to
bed. *to turn off=消す
(causative)
(causative
passive)
4, My teacher forced me to memorize many kanjis in order
to read Japanese newspaper.*to
memorize=覚える（おぼえる）
(causative)
(causative
passive)
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