<Lesson-30>

In this lesson, you will learn how to express relative clauses .

A, Relative clause

In forming a relative clause, the most basic rule is that the modifｙing clause precedes the noun being modified 
(This rule is opposite to the order in English). The subject of the modifｙing clause, if it exists, is followed by the particle "ga". To illustrate how to form relative clauses, let's examine various kinds of clauses, as follows.

1, Relative clause with true adjectives such as  "hoshii/-tai".

   < Examples > ( Please click HERE to hear phrases below.) 

    *The movie you want to see 
     => anata ga mi-tai eiga あ なたが見たい映画 
   *The movie you don't want to see 
    => anata ga mi-takunai eiga あなたが見たくない映画 
    *The person who want to talk with me 
      => watashi to hanashi-tai hito 私と話したい人 
   *The person who does not want to talk with me. 
     => watashi to hanashi-takunai hito 私の話した くない人 
  *The place which is dangerous to go to  (dangerous=abunai) 
      => iku koto ga abunai basho 行くことが危ない場所 
  
* The true adjectives like "hoshii/tai"in the modifing clause are put in their informal tense forms. 
    e.g hoshii/hishikunai/hoshikatta/hoshikunakatta

Exercise 1, Please translate the following phrases into Japanese

e.g  The car I want to drive =>watashi ga unten-shitai kuruma 私が運転したい車

1, The food which we want to eat tonight *tonight=今夜（こんや） 
2, The place to which I don't want to go *place=場所（ばしょ） 
3, The toy my son wanted  *toy=おもちゃ 
4, The book which is difficult to read 
5, The question which is easy to answer *question=質問（しつもん） *to answer=答える（こたえる）

2, Relative clause with noun adjectives such as "suki/kirai".

    *The movie you like (to see) 
     => anata ga (miru-koto ga/o) suki-na eiga あなたが（見ることが/を）好きな映画 
   *The movie you don't like (to see) 
    => anata ga (miru-koto ga/o) kirai-na ( or suki-denai ) eiga あ なたが（見ることが/を）嫌いな（or好きでない）映画 
    *The man who is good at speaking English 
     => eigo o hanasu koto ga joozu-na hito 英語を話すことが上手な人 
   *The man who is not good at speaking English. 
    => eigo o hanasu koto ga joozu-denai hito 英語を話す ことが上手でない人

* Noun adjectives in the modifing clause are put in the informal tense forms . But, please note that in  present positive form , "-da" must be replaced by "-na"     e.g   suki-na/suki-denai/suki-datta/suki-denakatta

Exercise 2 Please translate the following phrases into Japanese

e,g  The friends who like travel =>ryokou ga suki-na tomodachi 旅行が好きな友達

1, The country I like 
2, The song I don't like to sing *to sing=歌う（うたう） 
3, The people who like to work *people=ひとびと 
4, The actor who is famous in the world  *actor=俳優（はいゆう） *world=世界（せかい） 
5, The sports you are good at playing 
6, The people who are very kind to us

3, Relative clause with present and future form of verb.

    *The movie you (will) see. 
    =>anata ga miru eiga あ なたが見る映画 
   *The movie you (won't) see 
   =>anata ga mi-nai eiga あなたが見ない映画 
    *The person who(will) talk with me 
    =>watashi to hanasu hito 私 と話す人 
   *The person who doesn't ( or won't) talk with me 
   =>watashi to hanasanai hito 私と話さない人

  * The verb in the modifｙing clause is put in the informal tense forms of verb. 
      e.g hanasu/hanasanai. miru/minai

Exercise 3  Please translate the following phrases into japanese

e.g The peson I will marry with => watashi ga kekkon-suru hito 　私が結婚する人

1, The language I speak at home 
2, The students who don't come to the school 
3, The house where we will live next year *to live=住む（すむ） 
4, The cars which are sold in Japan 
5, The secret I don't know *secret=秘密（ひみつ） 
 

4, Relative clause with the past form of the verb.

   *The movie you saw yesterday 
    => anata ga kinou mita eiga あなたが昨日見た映画 
  *The movie you didn't see yesterday 
   =>anata ga kinou minakatta eiga あなたが昨日見なかった映画 
   *The person who talked  with me on the phone 
    => watashi to denwa de hanashita hito 私と電話で話した人

   * The verb in the modifｙing clause is put in the informal tense forms of the verb. 
      e,g hanashita/hanasa-nakatta,  mita/mi-nakatta 
  
Exercise 4 Please translate the following phrases into Japanese

e.g The kitten I found yesterday *to find=mitsukeru *kitten=koneko 
     =>watashi ga kinou mitsuketa koneko 私が昨日見つけた子猫

1, The wine I drank at the pub last night 
2, The sad news I heard from my friend *sad=悲しい（かなしい） *to hear=聞く（きく） 
3, The author who wrote this story *author=作家（さっか） *story=話（はなし） 
4, The politician who was chosen by the people *politician＝政治家（せいじか） *to choose=選ぶ（えらぶ） 
5, The students who didn't do homework *homework=宿題（しゅくだい） 
6, The joke  which made me laugh * joke=冗談（じょうだん） * to laugh=笑う（わらう） 
 

5, Relative clause with the progressive( durative aspect) form of verb.

    *The movie you are/were seeing 
     => anata ga mite-iru/mite-ita eiga あなたが見ている/見ていた映画 
    *The person who is/was talking with me 
     => watashi to hanashite-iru hito/watashi to hanashite-ita hito 私と話している人/私と話していた人

  * The verb "iru" in the modifｙing clause is put in the informal tense forms.  e.g iru/inai/ita/inakatta 
  * Please note the verbs which show  state such as "have","live","know","love"(see lesson-13) 
     use this inflection patterns except future form.

Exercise 5 Please translate the following phrases into Japanese

e.g The company I am working =watashi ga hataraite-iru kaisha

1, The letter I am writing now 
2, The old Japanese stamps he has *to have=持つ（もつ） ( please use progressive from of "motsu") 
3, The dictionaries I was using at home 
4, The woman who is standing there *woman=女性（じょせい） *to stand=立つ（たつ） 
5, The person who isn't studying English 
6. The place I live now 　( please use progressive form of "sumu") 
  

B, Forming relative clause sentences 

To form a sentence with  a relative clause, please note the following general rule on the sequence of tenses.

(1) an event in the relative clause which occurs before the event of the main clause  is put in the past form and that which occurs at the same time as that in the main clause is put in the present form.

(2) if the verbs in the main clause and relative clause are both in past forms, the event in the relative clause took place either before or at the same time as the one in the main clause.

Now, let's see some examples showing relative clause sentences are built up  by connecting  two separate sentences. 
The underlined word is the one which is modified by the relative clause.

<Example 1>

Watashi wa kyou hon o kaimasu. ( I will buy a book today.) 
Sono hon wa nihon-go no hon desu. (The book is a Japanese book.) 
If the second sentence is main clause : 
Watashi ga kyoo kau hon wa nihon-go no hon desu. 
( The book I will buy today is a Japanese book.) 
*" kaimasu" (formal present/future  form of "kau") is converted to "kau" 
* The subject (watashi) in the relative clause is followed by "ga"

<Example 2>

Watashi wa tomodachi to eiga o mite-imashita ( I was watching a movie with my friend) 
Sono eiga wa yukai deshita. ( The movie was funny .) 
If the second sentence is main clause: 
Watashi ga tomodachi to mite-ita eiga wa yukai deshita. 
( The movie that I was watching with my friend was funny.) 
*"mite-imashita"(formal past form of "mite-iru") is converted to "mite-ita ". 
  
<Example 3>

Watashi wa kinou tegami o kakimashita.( I wrote a letter yesterday.) 
Haha wa kyoo sono tegami o okurimasu ( My mother will send the letter today) 
If the second sentence is main clause: 
Haha wa kyoo watashi ga kinou kaita tegami o okurimasu. 
( My mother today will send the letter I wrote yesterday.) 
* "kakimashita"(formal past form of "kaku") is converted to "kaita"

Exercise 6 Please connect the two sentences, modifying the underlined word by the relative clause, as in the example.

e.g  watashi wa kinou nihongo no jisho o kaimashita. 私は昨日日本語の辞書を買いました。 
      sono jisho wa taihen benri desu. その辞書は大変便利です。("jisho"is the underlined word) 
     => watashi ga kinou katta nihongo no jisho wa taihen benri desu 私が昨日買った日本語の辞書は大変便利です。

1, 私は昨日友達に会った。　watashi wa kinou tomodachi ni atta.  * "atta"=informal past form of "au"(to meet) 
   その友達は学校の友達です。　sono tomodachi wa  gakkoo no tomodachi desu. 
　("tomodachi"is the underlined word)

2, 私は来年田中さんと結婚します。　watashi wa rainen tanaka-san to kekkon-shimasu.*kekkon-suru=to marry 
  田中さんは会社のどうりょうです。 tanaka-san wa kaisha no douryou desu. *どうりょう =coworker 
　　("tanaka-san"is the underlined word.)

3, 弟は昨日雑誌を読んでいました。　otouto wa kinou zasshi o yonde-imashita   *雑誌=magazine 
   私はその雑誌をけさ読みました。watashi wa sono zasshii o kesa yomimashita 　*けさ=this morning 
　　("zasshi" is the underlined word.)

4, 妻は今台所で夕食を作っています。tsuma wa ima daidokoro de yuushoku o tsukutte-imasu. *台所=kitchen *夕食=supper 
    私もその台所で料理を手伝っています。watashi mo sono daidokoro de ryouri o tetsudatte-imasu. *手伝う=to help 　　 
　　("daidokoro"is the underlined word)

5, 母は父から美しい宝石をもらいました。haha wa chichi kara utsukushii houseki o moraimashita.  *宝石=jewelry 
   私はその宝石を今日見ました。watashi wa sono houseki o kyou mimashita. 
　　( "houseki"is the underlined word.)