<Lesson-33>

In this lesson, we will learn use of concessive clauses using concessive conjunctions such as "-keredomo","-noni"and "-mo"

A, Concessive _expression using "keredo (mo)"

Concessive conjunction "keredo(mo)"  means "although". "keredo(mo)" is placed immediately after informal or formal tense form 
of adjectives or verbs and is followed by main clause,thus forming a sentence expressing a concessive. 
"keredo(mo)"can also be placed at the beginning of a sentence as well as "shikashi(but)" and "demo(but)"

Here are some examples of such sentences.

1,yasui (desu) keredo, watashi wa kore o kaimasen. 
　安い（です）けれど、私はこれを買いません。 
　 <Although this is cheap, I won't buy it.> 
　(informal present tense form of a true adjective +keredo)

2,taka-katta (desu) keredomo, kore o kaimashita.　 
　高かった（です）けれども、これを買いました。 
　<Even though this was expensive, I have bought it.> 
　(informal past tense form of a true adjective +keredo)

3,anata wa majime da (or desu) keredo, yatoemasen. 
　あなたは真面目だ（です）けれど、雇えません。 
　<Although you are serious, I can't hire you.> 
　(informal present tense form of a noun adjective +keredo)

4,okane wa aru(or arimasu) keredo, dokomo ikimasen 
　お金はある（あります）けれど、どこも行きません。 
　< Although I have money, I don't go anywhere> 
　(informal present tense form of a verb +keredo)

5,okane wa atta (or arimashita) keredo, dokomo ikimasen deshita. 
　お金はあった（ありました）けれど、どこも行きませんでした。 
　<Although I had money, I didn't go anywhere.> 
(　informal past tense form of a verb +keredbo) 
 

<NOTE 1> 
If  the verb or adjective preceding "keredo" is in an informal tense form, the verb or adjective of the main clause 
is preferable to be in an informal tense. This note can also apply to formal tense forms. (if the verb or adjectives preceding "keredo" 
is in a formal tense form, the verb or adjective of the main clause is preferable to be in a formal tense.)

<NOTE 2> 
Above sentences can split into two sentences using "keredomo"or "demo"or"shikashi"or "dakedo" as follows 
1, kore wa yasui desu. (Keredomo/Demo/Shikashi/Dakedo), watashi wa kore o kaimasen. 
2  kore wa takakatta desu. (Keredomo/Demo/Shikashi/Dakedo), watashi wa kore o kaimashita. 
3, anata wa majime desu, (Keredomo/Demo/Shikashi/Dakedo), watashi wa anata o yatoimasen. 
4, okane wa aru.(Keredomo/Demo/Shikashi/Dakeso), watashi wa dokomo ikanai. 
5, okane wa arimashita. (Keredomo/Demo/Shikashi/Dakedo), watashi wa dokomo ikimasen deshita. 
 

Exercise 1, Please translate the following sentences into Japanese using "keredo" as in the example.

e.g 
My company is small. but the profits is  high. *profit=利益（りえき） 
(one sentence) watashi no kaisha wa chiisai keredo, rieki wa takai desu. 私の会社は小さいけれど、利益は高いです。 
(two sentences) watashi no kaisha wa chiisai desu. Keredomo, rieki wa takai desu. 私の会社は小さいです。けれども、利益は高いです。

1, My Japanese dictionary is very old. but it's very usuful . 
   (one sentence) 
   (two sentences)

2, I have a headache(lit. as for me, the head is painful). but I will go to work, *painful=痛い（いたい） 
   (one sentence) 
   (two sentences)

3, I returned home, but nobody was at there (lit. at home) 
   (one sentence) 
   (two sentences)

4, I am drinking a lot of beer, but I am not drunk. *to be drunk=酔っている（よっている） 
   (one sentence) 
   (two sentences)

5, Your Japanese is not so good. But, I understand what you said. *understand=分かる（わかる） 
   (one sentence) 
   (two sentences) 
 

NOTE: "GA" can also be used as a conjunction word instead of "KEREDO". 
"GA" can be preceded by EITHER the formal or informal tense form of verbs and adjectives.

examples 
1.kore wa (yasui ga or yasui desu ga), watashi wa kore o kaimasen. 
2,kore wa (takakatta ga or takai deshita ga), watashi wa kore o kaimashita. 
3,anata wa (majimeda ga or majime desu ga),  yatoemasen 
4,okane wa (aru ga or arimasu ga), dokomo ikimasen. 
5,okane wa (atta ga or arimashita ga), dokomo ikimasen-deshita.

*"ga" can not be placed at the beginning of sentences 
* As well as  "keredo", tense form of  the verb or adjective preceding "ga" and  that of the main clause is preferable to be the same. 
   e.g.  kore wa yasui ga, watashi wa kore o kawanai / kore wa yasui desu ga, watashi wa kore o kaimasen.

Exercise 2  Please express in Japanese, using the forms suggested in brackets.

e.g. 
I don't like his voice, but I like his songs. *voice=声（こえ） 
(informal form using "ga") =>watashi wa kare no koe wa suki dewanai ga, kare no uta wa suki da. 
　私は彼の声は好きではないが、彼の歌は好きだ。 
(formal form using "keredo") =>watashi wa kare no koe wa suki dewaarimasen keredo, kare no uta wa suki desu 
　私は彼の声は好きではありませんが、彼の歌は好きです。 
 

1, I like to eat, but I am not good at cooking. 
  (informl form using "ga") 
  (formal form using "keredo")

2, He is normally quiet, but sometimes very talkative. *normally=普段（ふだん） *talkative=おしゃべり (noun adj) 
  (formal form using "ga") 
  (informal form using "keredo")

3,This is a good book, but it's very expensive. 
  (formal form using "ga") 
  (informal form using "keredo")

4, I live in Japan now , but  I was born in France. *to be born=うまれる 
  (informal form using "ga") 
  (formal form using "keredo")

B, Concessive _expression using "noni" 
  
"noni" has the same meaning as  "keredo(mo)". 
"noni" must be placed immediately after the informal tense forms of verbs and adjectives. 
But, when "da" is followed by  "noni", "da" must be replaced by "na"

Let's see example sentences. ( Please click HERE to hear these sentences below.) 

1,okane wa aru noni, kare wa okane o tsukaimasen. 
　お金はあるのに、彼はお金を使いません。 
　<Although he has money, he doesn't spend it.> 
   (informal tense forms of a verb +noni)

2, kanojo wa kirei na noni, mada dokushin desu. 
　彼女はきれいなのに、まだ独身です。 
　　<Though she is beautiful　, she is still single.> 
   (informal tense forms of a noun adjective +noni) *"da" needs to be replaced with "na".

3, kore wa oishikatta noni, kare wa tabemasen deshita.　 
　これはおいしかったのに、彼は食べませんでした。 
　　<Although this was tasty, he didn't eat it> 
   (informal tense forms of a true adjective +noni)

<NOTE 1> 
Above sentences can also be made using "keredo"or "ga" instead of "noni". Thus: 
1, okane wa (aru/arimasu)+ keredo/(arimasu/aru)+ ga, kare wa okane o tsukaimasen/tsukawanai. 
2, kanojo wa (kirei da / kirei desu) +keredo/( kirei da/kirei desu) + ga, mada dokushin desu/da.. 
3, kore wa (oishii deshita/oishikatta) +keredo/(oishii deshita/oishikatta) +ga, kare wa tabemasen deshita/tabenakatta.,

<NOTE 2> 
Although the verb or adjective preceding "noni" is in an informal tense form, the verb or adjective of the main clause is either 
in the formal or informal tense form 
 

Exercise 3 Please make proper concessive clause as instructed in brackets.

e.g  ( It's summer now)=>( It's not hot) 
      (using "noni")=>ima natsu na noni, atsuku-nai (desu). 今、夏なのに、暑くない（です）。 
      (using "ga")=>ima natsu desu ga, atsuku-nai （desu）. 今、夏ですが、暑くない（です）。

1, ( I am smaller than him)=>( I am heavier than him.) * heavy=重い（おもい） 
   (using "noni") 
   (using "ga")

2, ( Rain is falling)=>( I can see the sun.) *to fall=降る *sun=太陽（たいよう） 
   (using "noni") 
   (using "keredo")

3, ( I can read English)=>( I can not speak English.) 
   (using "noni") 
   (using "ga")

4, ( She is beautiful)=>( She is still single.)　*still=まだ 
   (using "noni") 
   (using "keredo")

C Concessive expressions using participle of verbs and adjectives + mo"

"mo" preceded by participle of verbs and adjectives is another way of expressing concession.

First, we will review the participle forms of adjectives and verbs.

[Participle forms of true and noun adjectives]

e.g omoshiroi  (interesting) true adj. 
<positive form>omoshiro-kute 
<negative form>omoshiro-kunakute 
  
e.g kantan  (easy) noun adj. 
<positive form>kantan-de, 
<negative form>kantan-denakute

*These forms are actually the conjuctive forms of adjectives which were introduced in lesson-19.

[Participle forms of verbs] 
  
e.g  kau (to buy) 
<positive form>katte, 
<negative form>kawa-nakute or kawa-nai de 
  
e.g  taberu (to eat) 
<positive form>tabete 
<negative form>tabe-nakute or tabe-nai de

*Negative participle of verbs has two forms to connect with "mo" 
   There is NO difference in the meaning between "-nakute" and "nai de",but, the "nakute"form is more commonly used  with "mo"

*Copular verb "desu" follow the same form as the above noun adjectives. <-de( positive), denakute( negative)>

Let's see example sentences.

1, ashita ame ga futte mo, ryokoo ni ikimasu. 
　明日、雨が降っても、旅行に行きます。 
　<Even if it's rain tomorrow, we will go on the trip.> 
   ( positive participle form of a verb +mo)

2, kare ga ko-nakute mo, yama e ikimasu.　 
　彼が来なくても、山へ行きます。 
　<Even if he doesn't come,I will go to the mountain.> 
   ( negative participle form of a verb +mo)

3, kare wa yuumei-de mo, ninki wa arimasen. 
　彼は有名でも、人気はありません。 
　< Even if he is famous, he is not popular.> 
   ( positive participle form of a noun adjective+mo)

4, soto wa samukute-mo, naka wa atatakai desu. 
　外は寒くても、中は暖かいです。 
　< Even if it's cold outside, it's warm inside.> 
   ( positive participle form of a true adjective+mo) 
 

Exercise 4 Please translate the following sentences into Japanese using a "mo" clause.

1, Even if you hurry to the station, you can't catch the train. *to catch A=A にまにあう 
2, Even if I don't pass the test this year, I will do it next year again.*to pass=うかる*this year=今年（ことし） *next year=来年（らいねん） 
3, Even if you are not Japanese, you can go to Japanese school. 
4, Even if this camera is not so new , I want to buy it. 
5, Even if you don't have much experiences, please work at my company.  *experience=経験（けいけん）

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