<Lesson 5>
In this lesson, you will learn _expression with"arimau"&"imasu" and functions of particle "ni" and "wa" and "ga".
A, Basic expression <-- があります/ga arimasu>< --がいます/ga imasu>
example ( 1= positive form , 2= question form , 3= negative form )
1, 本があります。Hon ga ari-masu. (
There is a book )
こどもがいます Kodomo ga i-masu.。( There is a child )
2, 本がありますか。Hon ga arimasu ka ( Is there a book? )
こどもがいますか。Kodomo ga imasu ka (
Is there a child? )
3, 本がありません。Hon ga ari-masen (
There is no book ）
こどもがいません。Kodomo ga i-masen (
There is no child )
* "arimasu" _expression is used to
denote the existence of inanimate objects.
* "imasu" _expression is used to denote animate
objects such as people and animals
* "ga " is subjective case indicator particle. The
word preceding "ga " is subject.
( Please read the
distinction between particles "wa" and "ga" in the
supplement of this lesson.)
Exercise
1, Please
make Japanese sentence as in example.
example :
Neko ねこ(
positive) => Neko ga imasu. ねこがいます。( neko=cat),
Tsukue つくえ( negative) => Tsukue ga arimasen つくえがありません。(
tsukue= desk)
Mizu 水(question) => Mizu ga arimasuka 水がありますか。(
mizu=water)
1, restoran レストラン ( positive )
2, kyoukai きょうかい( question )
3, ookii hito 大きい人( positive )
4, tsuma つま( negative)
5, watashi no kaisha 私のかいしゃ( positive )
6, genki-na kodomo げんきなこども( question )
7, okane お金 ( negative )
8, gakkou no tomodachi がっこうのともだち( question)
9, Nihon to(=and) Chuugoku にほんとちゅうごく( positive )
10, chikatetsu no eki ちかてつのえき( question)
*kyookai=church, tsuma=wife,
genki-na=lively (noun adj.), okane=money,
chikatetsu=subway, eki=station
Now, how do you say a question like "Who
is there? " and "What is there? " ?
As you
learned before,"Who" is "dare" and "What"is "Nan(i)".
So, you can ask like this.
*だれがいますか。Dare
ga imasu ka ? ( for human being )
*なにがいますか。Nani
ga imasu ka ? ( in case of non-human living
benings)
*なにがありますか。Nani
ga arimasu ka ? ( in case of inanimate objects)
B, Expression with
Dative Case Indicator Particle "ni" <-に-があります / -ni
-ga arimasu>
The particle"ni" has some different
functions.The most typical function to show that the
noun
which precedes "ni" is a place where something exist
like a room , an office.
examples
*ここにびょういんがあります。 Koko ni byouin ga
arimasu.( There is a hospital here) * びょういん=hospital
* 私の家に犬がいます。Watashi no ie ni inu ga imasu.( There
is a dog in my house) *犬=dog
* あそこにわたしの学校があります。Asoko ni watashi no gakkou ga arimasu.
( There is my school over there)
But, the particle"ni"also indicates the
time when something will take place．
In this use the noun preceding "ni"is a time _expression
like " asa ( morning)"" yoru (night)"
example
*今日のよるに けっこんしきがあります。Kyou no yoru ni kekkon-shiki
ga arimasu.( There is a marriage ceremony
tonight.)
<今日のよる = today's night >
Exercise 2 Please arrange the words in the correct order as in example
example
kuruma , arimasu, ga, ni, watashi , no, soko
(there is my car there)
==>そこに私の車があります。 soko ni watashi
no kuruma ga arimasu.
nani, koko, arimasu, ni, ga, ka (
what is there here ?)
==> ここに何があります か。koko ni nani ga
arimasu ka . or 何がここにありますか。
nani ga koko ni arimasu ka.
1, heya, imasu, watashi, no,
ga, neko, kawaii, ni ( There is a cute cat in my room)
*kawaii =pretty,cute
==>
2, kono, posuto, ga, ni,
arimasu, ka , atari ( Is there post around here ?)
*atari=surroundings
==>
3, biru, arimasen, wa, ano, ni, restoran (
There isn't a restaurant at that building)
*biru=building
(attn: "wa" instead
of "ga" is preferably used in negative sentences.
)
==>
4, shinbun, no,arimasu, kyoo, omoshiroi,
ga, kiji, ni ( There is a interesting article in today's
newspaper)
*
shinbun=newspaper, omoshiroi=interesting (true
adj), kiji=article
==>
5, asa, kaigi, no,arimasu,ashita, kaisha, no, ga,
ni ( There is a company meeting tomorrow morning.)
* kaigi=meeting,
ashita=tomorrow
==>
6, imasu ,ni, ga, anata, dare, ie ,no , ka ( Who
is there at your house?)
==>
C, How to answer
questions with "nani"and "dare"
Please read specimen conversation between A,B,C ( Please click here to listen to the conversation.)
A, あなたのかばんに何がありますか。Anata no
kaban ni nani ga arimasu ka
( What is there in your bag?)
B, さいふや、てちょうや、でんわがあります。Saifu ya
techou ya denwa ga arimasu.
( There are a wallet，a pocket-book and phone )
A, あなたのかばんには何がありますか。 Anata no
kaban niwa nani ga arimasu ka?
( What is there in your bag?)
C, わたしのかばんには何もありません。 Watashi no kaban
niwa nanimo arimasen.
( There is nothing in my bag)
<Grammatical
notes>
*
In the answer of B , "( a )ya ( b )ya ( c ) "form means "(
a ) and ( b ) and ( c ) and so on" which is slightly
different from "( a ) to ( b ) to
( c )"which means "( a ) and ( b) and ( c) ".
* In the answer of C, You can use "nanimo +
negative form of arimasu" to mean "nothing"
An _expression like "nobody
exist"is renderd by " daremo imasen(negative form of
imasu)
* In A's question to C, "niwa" is the
particle "ni"+"wa " which implies the meaning of "as to
YOUR bags"
Exercise 3, Please turn the following English conversation into Japanese
A, Who are there in that house ?
B, Mr.
Tanaka 's family
is.
( family=かぞく )
But, Nobody is
there
now.
( now=いま, It is best to put adverb just before
verb )
A, Where are they
?
( where =どこ )
B, They are at the hotel in Kyouto. (
kyouto=京都）
D, Adverbial phrases for location in space <-の--に--が あります/ -no-ni-ga arimasu>
Typical formula to indicate
the location is as follows.
(noun) no ( a
location noun ) ni ( subject ) ga arimasu/imasu.
I shall show you many phrases with this formula.
つくえの上に本があります。 Tsukue no ue ni ( on
the table ) hon ga arimasu.
( There is a book on the table)
つくえの下に本があります。 Tsukue no shita ni ( under
the table ) hon ga arimasu.
( There is a book under the table)
私の前に花があります。 Watashi no mae ni ( in front of
me ) hana ga arimasu.
(There are flowers in front of me)
私の後
ろに花があります。 Watashi no ushiro ni (behind me)
hana ga arimasu.
(There are flowers at the back of me)
家の中にたなかさんがいます。 Ie no naka ni (inside
house) tanaka-san ga imasu.
( Mr.Tanaka exists inside house)
家の外にたなかさんがいます。 Ie no soto ni (outside
house) tanaka-san ga imasu.
( Mr.Tanaka exists outside house)
川のむこうにびょういんがあります。 Kawa no mukou(gawa) ni (on the
other side of river) byouin ga
arimasu.
(There is a hospital on the other side of
river)
川のこ
ちらにびょういんがあります。 Kawa no kochira(gawa) ni (on this
side of river) byouin ga arimasu.
( There is a hospital on this side of river)
がっこ
うのそばにレストランがあります。Gakkou
no soba ni (near the school) resutoran ga arimasu.
(There is a restaurant near the
school) * in stead of "soba ", you can use "chikaku
"as well
がっこ
うのよこにきっさてんがあります。 Ginkou no yoko ni (next to the
bank) kissaten ga arimasu.
(There is a coffee shop next to the
bank) * in stead of "yoko" you can use "tonari" as
well.
本やの右にくすりやがあります。 Hon-ya no
migi(gawa) ni (to the right of the bookshop) kusuri-ya
ga arimasu.
(There is a pharmacy on the right-hand side of
the bookshop) * kusuri=medicine ， --ya = shop
本やの左にくすりやがあります。 Hon-ｙａ no
hidari(gawa) ni ( to the left of the bookshop) kusuri-ya
ga arimasu.
( There is a pharmacy on the left-hand
side of the bookshop)
Exercise 4 Please make proper sentences, as in example.
example: Gakkou(
in front of )Hon-ya < There is a school in front
of book shop.>
==>Hon-ya no mae ni gakkou ga arimasu.
1, Watashi no
kaisha ( near) watashi no ie
==>
2, isu ( at the back of ) terebi
* isu=chair, terebi= television
==>
3, resutoran ( on the right-hand side
of ) hana-ya * hana-ya= flower shop
==>
4, mori ( inside) kouen * mori=
forest , kouen= park
==>
5, akai pen ( to the left of)
denwa * akai=red ( true adj) denwa=
telephone
==>
6, ginkoo ( next to) suupaa
* ginkoo=bank, suupaa=supermarket
==>
7, chiisai kawa ( under)
hashi * kawa=river, hashi=bridge
==>
8, watashi no inu ( at the other side
of) kono michi * michi=road
==>
9, neko ( on top of) watashi no
kuruma * neko=cat
==>
10, ookii niwa (outside) tera *
niwa= garden, tera= Buddhist temple
==>
＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
< Supplement > Particle "wa " and "ga"
The subject of a sentence is
followed by either "wa" or "ga".
You should know which is which in each case.
So, here is the basic rule.
The particle "ga" is used
,whenever the subject is solely and exclusively connoted
by the predicate,
or in other words, whenever what is meant by
the predicate is exclusively and exhaustively
identified
with the subject. Otherwise, "wa" must
be used instead.
The particle "wa " has a function to indicate
the subject of a sentence. But, main function of
"wa"
is "topical""thematic"etc. which refers the
listener to a preceding word as a theme or topic in
the
whole context.
Sample 1, Watashi wa Tanaka desu. / Watashi ga Tanaka desu.
The phrase"watashi ga --" has
a nuance of "only " or "nothing but" .
That implies the meaning of "Mr Tanaka
is me." But, the phrase "watashi wa--" has no such a
nuance.
Instead, this sentence sounds like " As
for me,my name is Tanaka "in the meaning.
Sample
2, Hon wa koko ni arimasu / Hon
ga koko ni arimasu.
The phrase "Hon wa--" is used after the
questioner asks the place where the book is
situated.
It means the respondent uses this phrase as a
referential of whole context. So, this particle "wa"
isn't used to show "Hon" as a subject of this
sentence. When using particle "wa" as a reference
to answer a question, you can even omit
the part of "--wa". ( You can say "Koko ni arimasu")
But, in case of "Hon ga--" , " Hon" is a real
subject of the sentence. So, you can't
omit this part of the sentence.
<"ga" with interrogatives>
When the subject of a sentence is an
interrogative like "dare (who)", "nani(what)"
The particle"ga" is always used as a subject
indicator particle.
( e.g "Dare ga imasuka""Donata gaTanaka-san
desuka")
And when answering for this kind
of question , the particle "ga" is used to indicate the
subject of
a sentence,too. ( e.g "Donata ga
Tanaka-san desuka "=> Answer "Watashi ga Tanaka desu."
)
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